Iiyunyoni Zenguquko

Singobani, silwela ntoni, kungani ufanele ukusijoyina

“Kwisigaba sexesha lokuphelelwa kwenkqubo yokuqulathwa kwamanye amazwe ngamanye iiyunyoni zinganakho ukuzilawula ngenene ngokuqonda kuphela ukuthi ngezenzo zizizixhobo zenguquko yabasebenzi.”

Wabhala uLeon Trotsky ngo1940

Ngokubhalwe nguShaun Arendse (2018) & iguqulelwe nguWelile Notha (2021)

Iziqulatho

Intshayelelo

  1. Inkqubo Yobungxowankulu Neeyunyoni
  2. Oongxowankulu Bayilawula Bayithabathele Kubo Njani Intshukumo Yabasebenzi
  3. Isoshiyalizim Neeyunyoni Zenguquko

Intshayelelo

Kungani wajoyina iyunyoni? Okanye, kungani ucinga ukuyijoyina? Mhlawumbi yayingumrholo ophantsi okanye iiyure ezinde. Mhlawumbi ukuphengululwa okukwenza intlekisa, uvavanyo lomphefumlo, nokufakwa emshinini “wokuxilonga ubuxoki”. Kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yomongameli onobundlobongela, umqeshi othathela phantsi umntu obhinqileyo okanye umphathi onocalulo ngebala. Akunqabe ukuthi ibe zizo zonke ezi zikhalazo endaweni enye yokusebenza.  

Oku kusetyenziswa kakubi nenkqatho yemihla ngemihla kunyanzela abasebenzi bafune indlela yokuzikhusela. Bafumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuthi uninzi labo basebenza nabo bavakalelwa njengabo. Imfuneko yokuthi bamanyane ivele icace – abasebenzi baninzi emsebenzini; oongxowankulu nabaphathi babo baligcuntswana.

Ukuququzelela umanyano ukuze basebenzise ubuninzi benani labo kakade sesona siseko sengcinga yokwakha iyunyoni – umthetho siseko othi “ukulimala komnye kukulimala kwethu sonke”. Xa abasebenzi bemanyene bangazikhusela bazabalazele ukwenza ngcono imirholo nesimo abasebenza phantsi kwaso. Kodwa ke okuqhelekile kukuthi izinto zintsokothe ukugqitha – ukumanyana, nokulwa, nokuphumelela. Kutheni? Abasebenzi bazibonakalise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuthi bayafuna ukuzabalazela ingomso elingcono. Inani lezitrayikhi ngo2017 belingaphezulu kwawo onke amanani okoko isebe lezemisebenzi laqalisa ukukhupha ingxelo yamanani. Kwiinyanga uAprili, noMeyi, noJuni ngo2018 imizabalazo yemiphakathi yayiphezulu gqitha.

Le mizabalazo ingaphumelela yaye iba nazo iimpumelelo ezibalulekileyo. Kodwa emva kwesizukulwana solawulo ngentando yesininzi kuyacaca ukuthi iingxaki zoMzantsi Afrika zinzulu gqitha. Sizakuthethelela ngezantsi apha ukuthi iingxaki zomrholo ophantsi, zobuhlwempu, zokungalingani, nezokunqaba kwemisebenzi azinakuconjululwa yinkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu (abanini bekhaphitali) eqhutywa yinzuzo okanye lungeniselo. Ukuze kuphumelele ukuzisa intlalo engcono engapheliyo – umrholo owaneleyo, imeko yokusebenza ehloniphekileyo, indlu yomgangatho nexabiso elifanelekileyo, uncedo olusebenzayo noluthembekayo – abasebenzi kufuneka bazabalazel’inguquko yesiseko soluntu.

Ingxubakaxaka Yobukhokeli

Ukwenza oku kufuneka abasebenzi bamanyane. Kwinkoliso yabasebenzi iyunyoni linyathelo lokuqala – nangona isisiqalo nje sohambo olufanele ukuthathwa ngabasebenzi abaluqondayo udidi labo (jonga isahluko 5 ezantsi). Umbutho weyunyoni unika abasebenzi ingqeqesho, nomanyano, namandla. Kuba uqoqosho kukuphila koluntu, istrayiki okanye ukuthusela ngaso, kunika abasebenzi abamanyeneyo isixhobo esisebenzayo kakhulu. Ngezi zizathu abasebenzi abamanyene kwintshukumo yeyunyoni badlala indima eyintloko kumzabalazo wabasebenzi.

Kodwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini agqithileyo iiyunyoni zizifumane zijongene nokukhula kwengxubakaxaka yobukhokeli. Urhwaphilizo lwande ngokugqithisileyo, ukuxhomekeka kubasebenzi nokulawulwa ngabo kuphungulwe kakhulu. Endaweni yokuba ngamandla aqhuba umzabalazo wenguquko, uninzi lweeyunyoni luguquke lwayinxenye yesimo njengoko sinjalo. Amashumi abasixhenxe nesihlanu ekhulwini abasebenzi bangaphandle kweeyunyoni. Nabaphakathi ababandakanyiwe, bahlukahlukene. Ngokwangoku iiyunyoni ziyi190 ezibhalisisweyo eMzantsi Afrika yaye zikwiimanyano ezine. Kumacandelo amaninzi ngumbutho omnye wabaqeshi ohlala etafileni ujongene nomxube weeyunyoni ezineenkokheli ezinomdla ubukhulu becala kwimali etsalwayo kubasebenzi, hayi nakancinane kumanyano lokulwa nabaqeshi.  

Ingxubakaxaka yobukhokeli babasebenzi iqala ngeengcinga ezingalungile, iphethe ngokudidwa kukudwelisa inkqubo yokuthi makwenziwe ntoni na? Ukuphumelela kulo msebenzi kufuneka kubandakanywe abasebenzi kwinkqubo emela ukufezekisa iimfuno zabo. Sizakuchaza ngaphantsi apha ukuba kungani oku kungenzeka kuphela qha ngenkqubo yenguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim esekwe ngeemfundiso zikaMarx zokwenene.

Impazamo

Iinkokeli zeeyunyoni ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokwakha isoshiyalizim bagqibela besamkela ulawulo loqoqosho ngabaqeshi ngoko ke babanike “ilungelo” lokuqhatha abasebenzi. Kakade kaninzi abakwazi ukuyitsho leyo nto ebasebenzini. Bafanele ukuyenza ntle, bayihombise ngolwimi lenguquko. Kodwa isiphumo siyafana. Iinkokheli ezinjalo ziyibona indima yazo iphelela ekuthetha-thetheni ngezigqibo zokuqhathwa, hayi ukulwa nenkqubo-qoqosho yobungxowankulu esisiseko sako oku.

Umzekelo, abasebenzi abakwiCosatu bathengiselwa ingcingane yenguquko yobuzwe yokwakha ulawulo ngentando yesininzi (NDR) yiphathi yamaKomanisi aseMzantsi (SACP). Oku kuthetha ukuthi okulandela ukuphela kocalucalulo ngebala (apartheid) kukunika inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ithuba lokukhula, phambi kokuqalisa umzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim. Umzabalazo kufanele ubuye nganeno lide lilunge ixesha – kude kube ngoku iminyaka iyi27, isaqhubeka. Le nkqubo ikhokelele iCosatu ekuzibandakanyeni neANC le ukususela ngo 1996 yamkela inkqubo yokukhuphela urhulumente ngaphandle koshishino, nakude noncedo olunongeniselo, oongxowankulu babelane ngazo ukuzenzela inzuzo, okukhuthaza ukwanda kobuhlwempu, kokungalingani, nokunqaba kwemisebenzi. Istrayiki samalungu eCosatu esiphikisana neANC nenkqubo yayo namhlanje, bagqibe baxelelwe zinkokheli ukuthi bayivotele ngosuku elilandelayo.

Kwezinye iiyunyoni zomanyano lweNactu iingcinga zokuzingca ngobuzwe zisenefuthe ebasebenzini. Ezi ngcinga zicebisa ukuthi abaqeshi abamnyama aba “babi” ngenxa yodidi labo eluntwini – olu lwenza inzuzo ngokubaqhatha emsebenzini – kodwa kuba balibele ukuba yimbumba yamanyama noobhuti, noosisi babo. Ezi ngcinga zilibazisa abasebenzi ekwakheni imibutho ezimeleyo ngenene, nasekukhuliseni ukuqonda ngokucacileyo umzabalazo wabasebenzi.

Ixesha Lovuthondaba

Kodwa ingxubakaxaka yobukhokeli ayibamisi abasebenzi ukufuna indlela esinga phamabili. Izitrayiki zabasebenzi bemigodi ngo2012 yayikukuzikhupha kule meko ngokungenakubuyel’emva. Befuna umrholo weR12,500 ngenyanga ezi zitrayiki ezingakhuselekanga zobugorha zatsiba “abaphathi” ngokusesikweni beeyunyoni. I-NUM elilungu lomanyano lweCosatu, eyayisakuba, kude kube ngoko, ngeyona yunyoni inkulu eMzantsi Afrika, yavuthuluka njengoko abasebenzi babekrazula amakhadi obulungu ngamashumi amawaka. Abasebenzi bayikhaba yonke lenkqubo yeeyunyoni “yokuthandana” eyayibangwa ngurhulumente weANC kwiCosatu njengomgaqo-siseko wobandakanyo. Ixabiso lolu qhushululu olalubethelwe lixesha kudala, labhatalwa ngokuphalala kwegazi labasebenzi bemigodi abayi34, ababulawa eMarikana.

Nangaphambi kweMarikana abasebenzi babesongeza ukubuza ukuthi iyaphi le ndlela yeCosatu. Kodwa indyikitya yaseMarikana yongeza ukwenza umanyano mpondo-mbini. Kwakhula kubasebenzi abaninzi ukuzimisela ukuthi “zizajika izinto”. Ukubonakalisa ukukhuphuka komsindo wamalungu ngenxa yeMarikana iyunyoni iNumsa yathabatha kwingqungquthela eyodwa yango2013 isigqibo sokuthi ayinakuyixhasa iANC kulonyulo olulandelayo. Oku kwazisa isiphithiphithi futhi. I-Numsa noVavi, uSosiba Jikelele, bagxothwa bobabini. Iiyunyoni ezininzi zaqhekeka kwalandela ukwakhiwa kweeyunyoni ezintsha.

Ukucacisa

Ekudlakazisweni kwentshukumo yeeyunyoni kwanduluka iSaftu kuAprili ngo2017. Oku kwakuyinkqubela-phambili ebalulekileyo eyazisa nangaphezulu ukucelwa komngeni kwimeko eqhubekayo. Impumelelo yestrayiki somhla we25 zikaAprili ngo2018 esiphikisa umgangatho wentlupheko, obekwe ngakutsha ngurhulumente weANC, wobuncinane bomrholo obuphantsi, nokuhlaselwa kwelungelo lokustrayika kuphinde kwanyanzela abasebenzi babuze ukuthi iyaphi ihambo yeemanyano zabo. Iinkokheli zabo zabonakalisa ukungavumelani konke nestrayiki, baxhasa urhulumente ekuhlaseleni abasebenzi.

Oku kubeka ebaleni ngokubalaseleyo ukuthi kufuneka abasebenzi kwiiyunyoni zonke bacacise inkqubo yokuthi makwenziwe ntoni. Mininzi imibuzo ebalulekileyo esafuna ukuphendulwa. Siluphelisa njani urhwaphilizo kwiyunyoni zethu? Sikukhusela njani ukuzimela nokuyilawula ngentando yesininzi imibutho yethu? Singaqiniseka njani ukuthi iinkokheli azilali ngengub’enye nabaqeshi? Abasebenzi abamanyeneyo bangazibandakanya njani nomndilili wabasebenzi? Siphathe luphi uluvo kwezepolitiki, eziphathini, elonyulweni, nasepalamente? Siqonda ntoni ngendima edlalwa ngumbuso …….? Okubalulekileyo ngokugwebayo, siyamkele na inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu njengesebenza kakuhle “ukuzigqitha zonke ezikhoyo”? Okanye ingaba isoshiyalizim ingenye yeendlela ezingafikelelwa? Kuthi yonke yimibuzo yodweliso nkqubo. Ukuze uqalise ukuyiphendula kufuneka ubuyele emva, uvavanye umthetho-siseko wokuqala womzabalazo wabasebenzi, ukhangele umgaqo-siseko uze wakhe kwakhona iiyunyoni ezizimeleyo, eziphethwe ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi, nezilwayo. I-MWP izimisele kulo msebenzi. Siyakubongoza ukuthi usijoyine xa uvumelana nesibhaliweyo kumaphepha alandelayo apha. Yiba yinxenye yokuqonda nokumanyana kumzabalazo wokwakha iiyunyoni zenguquko.

Inkqubo-qoqosho Yoongxowankulu Neeyunyoni

Siphila kuluntu lobungxowankulu apho iibhanki, imigodi, iifama, iifektri ezinkulu, namashishini amakhulu – afana neAbsa Bank, iAnglo American, iRainbow Chicken, iSCAW Metals, iVodacom neShoprite, angawomnini-yedwa. Oku kuhlula uluntu lube ngamaqela abantu ayintloko amabini – igcuntswana lodidi loongxowankulu (abaqeshi) abangabanini-bodwa boqoqosho, nomndilili wabasebenzi ababasebenzayo. Udidi labasebenzi luquka abantu abaxhomekeke kubasebenzi, umzekelo, abafumana umhlalaphantsi, abangaqeshwanga, nabantwana, njalo njalo.

Uxhamlo-wedwa

Ukukhula kwenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu emhlabeni jikelele kwiminyaka engaphezulu kweminyaka eyi200 kuqokelela le ndyebo kwizandla eziya zibambalwa. Namhlanje siphila phantsi koongxowankulu abaxhamla bodwa; apho iqedlana leenkampani zabanini-bodwa lilawula uqoqosho. Umzekelo iShoprite Holdings Ltd. Ingumnini weCheckers, neUsave, neOK Furniture, neLiquor Shop, neMediRite Phamarcies, neHouse & Home, neTranspharm, neComputicket.

Iqela elambathe ihlazo leSteinhoff lineevenkile ezithengisayo eziyi32 ezihlukeneyo, eziquka iAckermans, nePEP, neHiFi Corp, neShoe City, neSleepmasters. I-Famous Brands inelungelo okanye imvume yokurhweba ngeenkampani eziyi27 ezirhweba ngokutya ezi zilandelayo, Wimpy, Steers, Debonairs and Fishaways. Kwizakhiwo zeevenkile ezakheleneyo nezingqongeneyo uninzi lwazo lunobunini obunye.

Iinkampani ezinkulu nazo zidla ngokuba nabanini abambalwa bamaziko ezemali neebhanki – umzekelo iAbsa, iNedbank, iFNB, neStandard Bank. Futhi, inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ivelise imarika yehlabathi jikelele elawulwa ngamazwe ayequleth’amanye ambalwa. Izabelo ezinkulu zeebhanki zaseMzantsi Afrika zinabanini abaziibhanki ezinkulu zamazwe aqulath’amanye anje ngeAmerika neYurophu.

Ukungalingani

Ubunini wedwa buzisa ukuzicingela isiqu wedwa nokungalingani okuyikekayo. Ubungxowankulu yinkqubo-qoqosho eqhutywa   yinzuzo yomnini-yedwa hayi izidingo zoluntu. Amashishini ooxhamla-wedwa akaqhutywa ngeenjongo zokulungisela uluntu kodwa zokwenzela imali abanini-bodwa. Le nto ebizwa “imarika” yabela indyebo abo banemali hayi abanezidingo. EMzantsi Afrika abantu abazigidi eziyi14 balala ngendlala yonke imihla. Kodwa izigidi eziyi10 zeetoni zokutya ziyalahlwa unyaka nonyaka – okuthetha ukuthi bonke ubunye esithathwini buyalahlwa. Uqoqosho lobungxowankulu loyiswa yinto esisiseko esibaluleke ngolu hlobo eluntwini njengokulutyisa.

Emhlabeni jikelele abanini bamawaka ezigidi zeedola abayi42 – abangenakugcwalisa neekhumbi ezintathu – banendyebo elingana neyabantu abangamawaka ezigidi ayi3.7 abangamahlwempu. Aba bantu bangaphezulu kwesiqingatha soluntu lonke yaye inkoliso yabo iphila phantsi kobuhlwempu. Ngoko ke abantwana abayi22,000 bayasweleka unyaka nonyaka kuba nje bazalwe bengamhlwempu.

EMzantsi Afrika ngokwayo, ubunye ekhulwini loluntu bungabanini be71 ekhulwini lendyebo yesizwe. Kubantu abazigidi eziyi57 bathathu qha abafumileyo abangabanini bamawaka ezigidi zamarandi, indyebo elingana neyabantu abazigidi eziyi28 abahluphekileyo. Kuba isininzi esihluphekileyo asinalungeniselo kubaxhamla-bodwa, indyebo yabo “bayimbele”. Iinkampani eziphezulu kwezibhalisiweyo eJohannesburg Stock Exchange eziyi50 xa zizonke zihleli ngaphezulu kwamawaka ezigidi ayi1.4 zamarandi. Le yimali eyiphindaphinda phantse kayi1.5 imali yonke echitwa ngurhulumente kwinto yonke enyakeni – kwizikolo, kwizibhedlela, kwiiklinikhi, kwizindlu, ezindleleni, emirholweni, njalo njalo. Le mali ihleli nje ezibhankini ayisebenzi nto ilindele ithuba loshishino olunenzuzo.

Indyebokazi kwigcuntswana ixela intlupheko yomndilili. Kunezigidi zabantu eziyi30.4, ezingaphezulu kwesiqingatha soluntu lonke luphela loMzantsi Afrika, abaphila entluphekweni. Uninzi labo ngaba kuthiwa ngamahlwempu asebenzayo. Izigidi eziyi6.6 zabasebenzi zirhola ngaphantsi kweR3,500 ngenyanga. Ngesi siseko semirholo yobuhlwempu abaqeshi bayazonwabisa ebomini. Umrholo weCEO ngokomgangatho ophakathi zizigidi eziyi24 zamarandi. Lo ngumrholo nje ngokomgangatho nje ophakathi. Ngo2017/18 iCEO yeNaspers, uBob van Dijk, wafumana imali eyongezelelweyo engamawaka ezigidi ayi1.5 yeerandi.

Imbali yoMzantsi Afrika yocalulo-mbala neyobukoloni zithetha ukuthi ukungalingani kweendidi zoluntu kuhamba kunye nokungalingani ngebala. Abangaphezulu kwabayi64 ekhulwini abantu abamnyama baphila phantsi kobuhlwempu, xa kuthelekiswa ne1 ekhulwini kwabamhlophe; 74 ekhulwini yabantwana abamnyama bakhulela entluphekweni kodwa abamhlophe bayi1.5 ekhulwini. Ukungalingani kweendidi zenkqubo yobungxowankulu kondla ucalucalulo ngebala ngokuphawula ibala elimnyama njengelentlupheko neliphantsi.

Ukhuphiswano

Ukuleqa inzuzo kukhokelela kukhuphiswano olunenkcitho. Endaweni yokuqhubela phambili uluntu inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ngumdlalo wamadayisi apho “owinayo ethatha konke”. Oku kuthetha ingxushungxushu ebasebenzini. Imisebenzi iyavela iphinde inyamalale, kwakhiwa indlela yokuphila iphinde itshabalaliswe ngokukhetha ukuthi abantu bathenga ePic N Pay okanye eShoprite , iSunlight okanye iOmo, beqhuba iVolkswagen okanye iToyota, besitya iSasko okanye iAlbany. Ngo2016 kuchithwe iibhiliyoni eziyi45 zamarandi ukupapasha izaziso ukukhohlisa abasebenzi ukuthi olukhuphisano luyabasebenzela.

Ukhuphiswano loongxowankulu lunyanzela zonke iinkampani ukucudisa abasebenzi kangangoko benako ukuthi bathi kratya kwabo bakhuphisana nabo. Kodwa ngokwenze njalo batshabalalisa nalo marika abayakhile – imirholo ephantsi nokunqaba kwemisebenzi kuthetha ukuthi abasebenzi abakwazi ukuthenga zonke izinto abazivelisileyo. Oku kudala ukwanda kwezinto ezingathengiseki okuzisa ingxubakaxaka yoqoqosho. Kodwa ezi ayizozihelegu zendalo njengoko oongxowankulu bafuna sikholelwe. Ziziphumo ezilindelekileyo kwimmveliso eleqa inzuzo nokhuphiswano loongxowankulu.

Ngokwasemhlabeni wonke jikelele ukhuphiswano loongxowankulu lukhokelela kwintshabalalo yamashishini ewonke ephela. Ukwenza umzekelo, iimpahla zamaxabiso aphantsi ezivela ngaphandle ziphantse zatshabalalisa ishishini lokuvelisa iimpahla eMzantsi Afrika. Eli shishini lisuke ekuqesheni abantu abayi200,000 lagqibela liqeshe i19,000 kuphela. Oongxowankulu baseMzantsi Afrika boyiswe lukhuphiswano langaphandle. Ukhuphisano phakathi koongxowankulu ababangisanayo ngemarika kumazwe ahlukeneyo kuzisa iimfazwe zorhwebo njengale eqhubekayo phakathi kweChina neAmerika. Lukhokelela kwimfazwe ngenene xa udidi loongxowankulu lusebenzisa umbuso ukukhusela amashishini abo.

Ukunqaba Kwemisebenzi

Kodwa impambano yenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ayipheleli apho. Kaninzi kongeza inzuzo ukwenza abasebenzi abakhoyo basebenze iiyure ezinde kunokuqesha abanye. Oku kuthetha ukuthi eMzantsi Afrika iiyure ezinde zihamba kunye nokungaphangeli komndilili. Umsebenzi omnye eshumini usebenza iiyure eziyi60 ngeveki. Oku kuqhubeka nangona umthetho usithi mazingagqithi ku45 ngeveki.

Kodwa abasebenzi bayazi ukuthi nale yeeyure ezisetyenzwayo ngemini ayipheleli apho. Iihambo ezinde ukuya nokubuya emsebenzini, iiyure zesidlo sasemini ezingabhatalwa, nokusebenza ngaphaya kwexesha okungabhatalwa. Lincinane ixesha labasebenzi lokuphumla, nelokuchitha ixesha nosapho nabahlobo, nelokutyebisa ulwazi nelokufunda. Ngaxeshanye bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezilishumi nanye abangenanto abangayenzayo – umkhosi waseMzantsi Afrika wabangasebenzi.

Yiyo ke le inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu. Iyinkqubo yengxubakaxaka engapheliyo. Yilenkqubo enyanzela abasebenzi bamanyane kwiiyunyoni.

Inkqatho

Bayifihla kanjani? Ukuqalisa ukuqonda oku kufuneka sijonge ukuthi abaqeshi baqhatha abasebenzi njani kulenkqubo yobungxowankulu? Intsusa yoku bubunini-bodwa boqoqosho esesibuchazile – ubunini bomhlaba, izakhiwo kuwo, oomatshini phakathi kwezakhiwo, ,,,,,,,. Oku kuvumela abaqeshi ukuthi bathi kubasebenzi;

“Nifuna imali yokuphila? Ndingakunika umsebenzi, ndikubhatale umvuzo. Kodwa mayicace into yokuba le yinkampani yam, uzakusebenza kwisakhiwo sam, esisemhlabeni wam, usebenzisa umatshini wam. Ngoko ke nendyebo oyivelisayo ngeyam, kuxhomekeke kum ukuthi ndenza ntoni ngayo.”

Ayikho enye into abangayenza abasebenzi ngaphandle nje kokwamkela oku xa bengafuni ukubulawa yindlala. Kodwa obu budlelwane bomqeshi – msebenzi “besiqhelo” – bokutshintsha umsebenzi ngomvuzo – bufihla inkqatho esembindini wenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu. Lonke ixesha abasebenzi besebenza ngemini bavelisa indyebo entsha (okanye “ulutho” ngokutsho kukaMarx). Ngokwenza njalo abasebenzi bavelisa ngaphezulu kokufunekayo ukubhatala imivuzo yabo, nezinye iindleko zomqeshi ezihlala zikho ekuveliseni ezifana nezisetyenziswa, nokusetyenziswa komatshini, nokuthenga amanzi nogesi, njalo njalo. Kukho okushiyekayo uMarx akubiza ulutho olungaphezulu. Xa abaqeshi beyithathela kubo le engaphezulu iba yinzuzo okanye lungeniselo. Inzuzo ngokulula gumsebenzi wabasebenzi ongabhatalwayo.  

Ukuqonda ukuthi ngumsebenzi wabasebenzi qha, onzima wemihla ngemihla, ovelisa inzuzo yabaqeshi, kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwemveliso eyenziwa ngabasebenzi, uncedo abalunikayo, izakhiwo abazicocayo nebazigadayo, abaqeshi abananto. Kodwa bayalinga ukufihla oku. Ngokuxhaswa ngabasasazi-ndaba bathengisa izimvo ezingena nyaniso ezithi banendyebo kuba “basebenze nzima”. Baxelela abasebenzi ukuthi mabayeke ukukhalaza, mabasebenze njengabo. Kodwa oku kukufanisa iiapile neeorenji. Nokuba ngaba umsebenzi angasebenza ixesha elingaphezulu iiyure zonke ezingasebenzekayo, akasoze asondele kufuphi nendyebo yomqeshi kuba uthengisa amandl’okusebenza akhe, hayi ukuqhatha umsebenzi wabanye abaninzi. Le yindlela “ngokusemthethweni” igcuntswana loongxowankulu lizityebisa ngayo ngendyebo eveliswa ngumndilili wabasebenzi. Ngo2017 i82 ekhulwini lendyebo entsha ithathwe yi1 ekhulwini yabafumileyo.

Yonke imizabalazo ngemirholo yimizabalazo ngolutho olungaphezulu. Nokubanga ukuthi kuveliswe imisebenzi emitsha, nokuthi kongezwe imali echithwa kwezempilo nezokhuselo, nokuthi kuphuculwe oomatshini abasetyenziswayo, nokuthi kongezwe amakhefu neentsuku zokuphumla, nokuthi kongezwe imali yezemfundo, neyomhlala-phantsi, neyezinye iingxowa-mali, nokuthi urhulumente akhuphule irhafu yenzuzo bazokwazi ukwakha izibhedlela nezikolo. Ukuhlula ulutho olungaphezulu phakathi kodidi loongxowankulu nelabasebenzi, yiyona mbangi yembambano edala umzabalazo weendidi zoluntu. Iiyunyoni ziluqilima lomzabalazo weendidi kuba kwakhiwa umanyano lwabasebenzi apho indyebo iveliswa khona – endaweni yokusebenza. Oku kuxhobisa abasebenzi ngesixhobo esisiseko: ukunqaba ngamandl’okusebenza – ukustrayika.

Ulawulo

Kodwa kunelinye icala kulo mzabalazo weendidi. Abasebenzi nabo bayafuna ukuthathwa njengabantu endaweni yokusebenza. Abasebenzi abaninzi banyanzeleka ukujoyina iyunyoni ngenxa yoozwilakhe abazilawulayo endaweni yomsebenzi – oomongameli, nabaphathiswa bentlobo ngentlobo. Sike sikhubekiseke sonke ukufumanisa umntu omnye okanye ababini bevunyelwe ukuphatha kakubi amashumi, okanye amakhulu, okanye namawaka abantu iimini ngemini.

Abasebenzi baqashwa ngamanani aphezulu. Umzekelo iAbsa Bank abayi40,000, Anglo American 135,000, Rainbow Chicken 20,000, SCAW Metals 7,000, Vodacom 7,000, Shoprite 130,000. Xa zidibene iinkampani ezinkulu kwezibhaliswe eJohannesburg Stock Exchange ziqesha izigidi eziyi 1.3 zabasebenzi. La manani akaquki zonke iikontrakta, outsourced and labour broker workers, workers in small and medium size business, ezikho ngenxa yezinkulu.

Kodwa ilizwi lomqeshi lelokugqibela kuyo yonke into. IiCEO (amagosa aziintloko zenkampani) neebhodi zeenkampani, nabanye abambalwa banegunya elingenakuphikiswa ngaphezulu kwabasebenzi, nangenxa yokulawula uqoqosho bangaphezulu koluntu jikelele. Ukuba umsebenzi unesibindi sokubuza uthathwa njengongamameliyo. Mhlawumbi ade aphawulwe njengoqala “uqhushululu” agxothwe.

Ulawulo olunjalo ngabaqeshi endaweni yokusebenza luyafuneka ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yobungxowankulu. Uninzi labasebenzi alunakuvunyelwa ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuba abanakuvuma ukwandisa kangangoko umvuzo wabaqeshi. Oongxowankulu bathethelela oku kuba besithi indawo yokusebenza ngeyabo. Iyunyoni iyakuphikisa oku ngelithi nayo mayibe negalelo ekulawuleni indawo yokusebenza.

Oongxowankulu Bayilawula Bayithabathele Kubo Njani Intshukumo Yabasebenzi

Umbuso Woongxowankulu

Udidi loongxowankulu luyaqonda ukuthi alunakuwukhanyela umzabalazo weendidi ngoko ke njengoko lulawula uluntu lufanele luwulawule nawo. Bazimisele ukusebenzisa amandla nokulimaza xa kufuneka. Ngexesha lestrayiki sango2012 sabasebenzi bemigodi urhulumente weANC wabeka ibhanti leplatinam kwimeko yonxunguphalo wathumela amapolisa awayexhobe mpela ababulala abasebenzi bemigodi abayi34 eMarikana. Ukucinga ukuthi oku yayisisehlo esingaqhelekanga esingenakuphindwa yimpazamo eyingozi kakhulu.

Ubundlobongela obulungiselelweyo bokucinezela abasebenzi busisiqhelo kwinkqubo yoongxowankulu. Nokuthatha inxaxheba estrayikini esivumelekileyo ngokomthetho akuwathinteli amapolisa ekoyikiseni, nasekuhlupheni, nasekuhlaseleni, nasekubetheni. Ngamanye amaxesha abaqeshi baqesha izikrelemnqa ukuthi zoyikise okanye zibethe abasebenzi ukuze umbuso “ongathath’icala” uzenze ngathi awuboni. Kodwa apho kungenzeka khona oongxowankulu bakhetha ukubufihla ubundlobongela benkqubo yabo. Ukuzinza kwenkqubo yobungxowankulu kuyaphazamiseka xa ubundlobongela bubonakala. Nangaphezulu kuyabiza ukucinezela abasebenzi ngamandla ombuso. Ngoko ke udidi loongxowankulu luneendlela zokulawula “ngamaxesha enzolo”.

Ukuba nguzwilakhe ngezoqoqosho koongxowankulu kubanika amandla anzima okubumba imibono yoluntu ngokulawula usasazo-ndaba nenkqubo yezifundo; usapho neenkolo ziyasetyenziswa ukukhuthaza “inzuzo” yokusebenza nzima, yokuzithoba nokuvuma ukuphathwa. Udidi loongxowankulu lunqika ngezi zixhathiso ukudambisa umsindo womzabalazo weendidi nokuthintela ukujongana ngobutshaba phakathi kwazo.

Ukulungisa

Umzabalazo wepolitiki ekhululekileyo ngokupheleleyo kangangoko kungenzekayo nowolawulo ngentando yesininzi wasoloko uyinxenye yemizabalazo yabasebenzi. Umzabalazo ulwiwe nzima wokuphelisa ucalucalulo ngebala, nokuzisa inkululeko ngezepolitiki nolawulo ngentando yesininzi. Ilungelo lokuvota nelokwakha iphathi yezepolitiki neyunyoni, lokuthetha okukhululekileyo, lokuqokelelana, nelokuya kwantliziyo ndise, zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi ukuqokelelana. Kwayilento yokuba sikwazi ukumanyana phantsi kweeyunyoni sisikweliti esisityala abo bazabalaze ngaphambili kwethu.

Ngokumanyana abasebenzi bayakwazi ukunyanzela oongxowankulu banikezele ngamalungelo olawulo ngentando yesininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha oongxowankulu neenkokheli kwezepolitiki bayaphawula ukuthi kuluncedo kubo ukuvumela abasebenzi neeyunyoni amalungelo athile ukuthintela imbambano ingekaqali. Kungokudibanisa ukunyanzelwa ngumndilili nokusebenzisa ubuhlakani kwezepolitiki okudale imithetho efana neLabour Relations Act neBasic Conditions of Employment Act, neenkundla zamatyala ezifana neLabour Court neCCMA. Ubuncinane ngokwemibhalo bayakhuseleka abasebenzi kwinkqatho yoongxowankulu.

Kodwa abasebenzi bafumanisa ezinkulu izithintelo xa bezikhusela ngamalungelo. Oongxowankulu basebenzisa ubuhlakani ngomthetho ukuwina amatyala. Kwakhona abaphelelwa yimali yokuqesha amagqwetha okulibazisa okungenasiphelo kwamatyala, balisebenzise elixesha ukutyhafisa abasebenzi. Ezinye iinguquko “ezilungiselela” abasebenzi zenzelwa nje ukubavala amehlo. Umthetho wango2015 ofuna abasebenzi abasebenza phantsi kwabarhweba ngabasebenzi bafumane imisebenzi enesigxina, abaqeshi bavele bangawuhoyi. Emva kweminyaka emithathu iNkundla Yemithetho Yolawulo iwusekela lo mthetho kodwa nangoku usaphikiswa. Urhulumente weANC akenzanga nto ngale ndelo yabaqeshi. Ukuba ngaba ubuzimisele ukukhusela abasebenzi ekuqhathweni okugqithisileyo ngabarhwebi ngabaseenzi ngebakhuphe abahloli banyanzelise ukulandelwa kwemithetho.

Zonke izinikezelo ezenziwe ngongxowankulu ngezolo ezingabamanga kakuhle bayazirhoxisa. Umzekelo, iinguqulo ezintsha ziphumelelisiwe ngurhulumente weANC ngenkxaso yezinye iiphathi eziphakathi kwepalamente ukwenza ukubanga istrayiki ngokusemthethweni kube nzima.

Ulawulo-qoqosho Ngozwilakhe

Ulawulo ngentando yesininzi, iinkululeko namalungelo azilingananga ukuzisa kwisininzi esingabasebenzi ukupheliswa kobuhlwempu, nokungalingani, nokuswela umsebenzi. Okwenzekayo kuphambana nokufanele kwenzeke. Izityebi zityeba ngakumbi, amahlwempu aba ngamahlwempu ngakumbi. Ubutsha okanye ubuncinane benkqubo yolawulo ngentando yesininzi ayinguye unobangela. EAmerika naseYurophu ulawulo ngentando yesininzi lunamashumi uba ngaba ayingo makhulu eminyaka, kodwa ubuhlwempu nokungalingani zisaqhubeka nalapho. Umthwalo worhwaphilizo onzimela amaziko ombuso uluphawu hayi unobangela. Urhwaphilizo lusoloko luhamba ngokungahlukanisekiyo nenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu, luyaxolelwa, luhonjiswe luthethelelwe ngeendlela ezininzi. Ingathi kunempikisano esisiseko ngakumbi phakathi kolawulo ngentando yesininzi nenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu.

Sesibonile ukuthi abaqeshi abakwazi ukuvumela abasebenzi bazithethelele ngenene endaweni yokusebenza. Oku kungenza ukuthi inkqatho ingenzeki. Kodwa oku kuyinyaniso kuqoqosho lulonke. Ngoko ke makungabi phantsi kolawulo lwesininzi. Isiphumo lulawulo ngentando yesininzi olumxinwa (olu uMarx wayelubiza oloongxowankulu) – umntu ngamnye ivoti enye, ipalamente, imithetho yolawulo, iinkundla zamatyala, njalo njalo eziqhubeka kunye nolawulo loqoqosho ludidi loongxowankulu ngozwilakhe. Le mpikisano inyanzelisa iinkululeko namalungelo abasebenzi amxinwa, alinganiselweyo.

Ukwenza umzekelo, thatha iqela lekhulu labasebenzi. Abavuyile kuba ixesha labo leyure yesidlo sasemini litshintshiwe. Ukuba ngaba umsebenzi omnye uyemka yedwa, umqeshi angakhalaza, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuthi amkele ukuthi lilungelo lakhe ukumka xa efuna. Mhlawumbi naxa bebabini, bebathathu, bebane, bebahlanu abenza njalo. Kodwa ukuba ngaba baphakama bebonke ukubanga ukuthi eli xesha libuye, umqeshi uyakukhalaza ngestrayiki “esingekho mthethweni” “esingakhuselekanga”. Umqeshi uzakuthi abasebenzi bamenza ibanjwa elikhutshwa ngemali. Okanye kuza kubizwa amapolisa aze “kungqalisa” abasebenzi. Mhlawumbi abagxothe bonke ngokungaziphathi kakuhle.

Ngokubona kwabasebenzi esi sisenzo sentando yesininzi. Ngokuyeka ukusebenza basebenzisa ilungelo labo lokubonakalisa abangakufuni. Ukwazisa umqeshi ngeembono zabo basebenzise ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nelokumanyana. Kodwa xa kufika amapolisa, ngabasebenzi abazakubanjwa, hayi umqeshi. Ngokubona komqeshi nabaxhasi benkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ibikukuziphatha kakubi kweqela “lezaphula-mthetho”.

Kakade abasebenzi bayakwazi ukuququzelela ukuzikhusela kubaqeshi abanempatho engekho mthethweni. Kodwa imibutho yomndilili efana neeyunyoni yingxaki kulawulo loqoqosho loongxowankulu ngozwilakhe. Ngoko ke benza ngako konke abanakho  ukuthintela ukuzimela ngokwayo le mibutho, bayenze ibasebenzele okanye isebenze phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko yombuso wabo. Ngokubona kwabaqeshi ukusebenza ngemigaqo-siseko yombuso kusekwe “ekugcineni abahlobo kufuphi, iintshaba kufuphi ukugqitha abahlobo”.

EMzantsi Afrika kubonakala ngathi abasebenzi abamanyeneyo neeyunyoni zabo banewonga negunya elisebenzayo. Ukwenza umzekelo, iiyunyoni zingabongoza ezinkundleni zamatyala xa abaqeshi bengazamkeli bazihoye. Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zengxoxo zabo bebonke ngemivuzo zivumela iiyunyoni zibe nenxaxheba kwimivuzo yeshishini lonke liphela. Kodwa ixabiso lale mbonakalo yimvumelwano engathethwayo yokuthi zidanise ngengoma yesigingci sabaqeshi.

Ukwenza umzekelo, ishishini ngalinye lineenkampani ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo. Olu khuphisano luzala inkcitho eninzi. Kutheni lo mbuso ekuthiwa awuthath’icala ungazibonisi ngoku? Kutheni ungacebisi ukuthi zizibandakanye, zizonciphisa inkcitho, zongeze namandla entengo ngobukhulu, ukwenzela ukuvula amanye amashishini nokongeza imivuzo yabasebenzi? Bayakuphendulwa ngelithi oko kungaphaya kwegunya labo. Nantoni na ecela umngeni kubaqeshi ngolawulo loqoqosho, ingaphezulu kwegunya labo.

Kaninzi okunikezelwa kungalwelwanga kuliyelenqe eliquma okukhulu okufihliweyo. Ukwenza umzekelo, imithetho yolawulo iphakamisa ilungelo lomanyano – oko kutsho, ilungelo lokumanyana kwabasebenzi nokwabaqeshi. Nelungelo lokustrayika livunyelwe nangona phantsi kwemiqathanga ethile. Kodwa nelungelo labaqeshi ukutshixela ngaphandle abasebenzi livunyelwe. Oku kuthetha ukuthi imithetho yolawulo ithatha njengenyaniso ubunini-wedwa boqoqosho loongxowankulu. Ukulingana phambi komthetho kwemithetho yolawulo ngenyaniso kukukhusela nokwamkela ukulawulwa koqoqosho ngegqudu ngoongxowankulu, okufihla ukungalingani phakathi komqeshi nomqeshwa.

UMarx wachaza ukuthi, “Iqumrhu eliphethe umbuso wanamhlanje yikomiti nje yokulawula imicimbi yalo lonke udidi loongxowankulu.”  Phantsi kwenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu inyaniso kukuthi nowentando yesininzi egqithisileyo umbuso awukwazi ukungathath’icala kumzabalazo weendidi zoluntu. Udidi loongxowankulu luwusebenzisa ukukhusela ulawulo labo loluntu. Kodwa ukufihla oku umbuso wenziwa “umlamli omsulwa” ohlukanisa ababangi abangaboni ngasonye abalinganayo. ULenin wabonisa wathi,

Iriphabliki yolawulo ngentando yesininzi ngeyona ngubo ilungeleyo ukumbesa inkqubo yoongxowankulu kuba bayifumana iqinisekisa ulawulo labo ngokukhuselekileyo kangangokuba akukho tshintsho lamntu, okanye leziko, okanye lephathi oluyiphazamisayo.

Umbuso Nobhukuqo-mbuso, 1917

Kodwa rhoqo emva kolu lawulo ngesininzi siluboniswayo kulandela ukoyikiswa ngobundlobongela obubandakanywe ngumbuso woongxowankulu. Ukuba ngaba abaqeshi abakwazi ukusigcina sileqa imisila yethu, umbuso uyakusiqhekeza iintloko. Ngenene, isiseko esixhasa umthetho wenkqubo yoongxowankulu sivumela abaqeshi ukukhala ku “mthetho nocwangca” njengesizathu sokucinezela umzabalazo wabasebenzi xa begqithela ngaphaya kokuvunyelwe ngumthetho – yaye umthetho uvumelana ngokungaphikisani nenkqubo yoongxowankulu kuphela qha.

Ipolitiki Yoongxowankulu

Iiphathi zepolitiki yoongxowankulu zinendima ebalulekileyo kweli yelenqe. Zenza ngathi akukho ndlela yimbi ngaphandle kwenkqubo yoongxowankulu. Ukuba ngaba kuyenzeka zithethe ngandlela yimbi, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi yenziwa nkungu ingacaci, kunye nokukhuthaza ingcinga ethi iza kwenzeka nakanjani xa iphathi ingafumana ukulawula umbuso woongxowankulu.

Neephathi zepolitiki yoongxowankulu ezifuna inguquko zingathetha ngokuthabatha umhlaba nokuthi umbuso uthathe amashishini abalulekileyo. Kodwa oku akutsho ukuphikisa inkqubo yoongxowankulu njengendlela emisiweyo. Ukwenza umzekelo, xa kuthathwa ifama yomfama omhlophe inikwe umfama omnyama, ubumnini wedwa abujikwa. Kutshintsha ubumnini phakathi kodidi olunye loongxowankulu. Xa amashishini engawombuso olawulwa ngamalungu eephathi zepolitiki yoongxowankulu bayakusebenzisa ukuba phantsi kombuso ukuzikhusela nokuzixhasa. Ukwenza umzekelo, ngokuxhasa amashishini abanini bodwa, njengeEskom isenza kubanini bemigodi ngoluhlu lwamaxabiso ombane oluphantsi.

Bonke abathatha inxaxheba kwezepolitiki neephathi zepolitiki abavuma ukuthi inkqubo yoongxowankulu yiyo “kuphela” indlela yokwakha uluntu, ekugqibeleni bafanele ukuvuma nokukhusela ukuba nguzwilakhe kukangxowankulu ngoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoku intshukumo yeyunyoni ayikwazi ukungathath’icala okanye ukuma bucala kwezepolitiki. Kuneengxoxo ezibalulekileyo eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabamanyeneyo abasebenzi ngalo mbandela. Indaba yomanyano lweCosatu neANC ibekwa ebaleni kwakhona. Ngaphakathi kweSaftu kuxoxwa ukundulula iphathi yabasebenzi. I-MWP inoluvo oluzinzileyo oluthi abasebenzi abamanyeneyo babe ngaphambili ekwakheni iphathi yomndilili wabasebenzi yokwakha isoshiyalizim. Iiyunyoni ziphikisa ulawulo lwendawo yokusebenza ngumqeshi yonke imihla ngokwakha umanyano labasebenzi oluzimeleyo. Singangaluphikisi njani ulawulo labo lezepolitiki? Umzabalazo nabaqeshi endaweni yokusebenza mawuphumele kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu.

Abaphathi Bamalungelo Athile Beeyunyoni

Abasebenzi basoloko berhanela abathatha nxaxheba kwezombuso woongxowankulu nangamaxesha angcono enzolo. Kodwa iinkokheli zeeyunyoni  zikufuphi kakhulu nobomi babasebenzi bemihla ngemihla. Abaqeshi abanakufumana mbandakanyi ongcono kunabo bakhokele imibutho eyakhelwe ukulwa inkqatho yabasebenzi bavume ukubakhusela.

Oku kufuna ukwenziwa ethe-ethe kolawulo lweenkokheli ngamalungu; ukwenza iinkokheli zibe sengozini yokunyanzelwa ngabaqeshi nokubakhusela ekuxinzelweni ngabasebenzi. ULeon Trotsky uchaza athi:

….umsebenzi wonke woongxowankulu  kukuphelisa iiyunyoni njengezixhobo zomzabalazo weendidi zoluntu nokufakwa endaweni yazo kwabaphathi bamalungelo athile beeyunyoni njengezixhobo zobukhokeli ngaphezulu kwabasebenzi  ngumbuso woongxowankulu.

Iiyunyoni Kwisigaba Sokuphelelwa Kwenkqubo Yokuqulath’amanye Amazwe, 1940

Ukwenza iinkokheli zibasebenzele akwenziwa rhoqo ngorhwaphilizo, nangona oku yasoloko iyindima ebalulekileyo yako. Iimvulophu ezikhakhi zemali ngenene zingeyona ingathembekiyo indlela yokuthimba intshukumo yabasebenzi. Xa ibhentsiswa inkokheli eyonakeleyo iphelelwa lifuthe ngokukhawuleza ebasebenzini.

Indlela ethembekayo nangaphezulu kukutshintsha indlela ezibona ngayo iinkokheli zabasebenzi – ngokuthi iinkokheli  zaneliseke ngokwazo ukuthi akunandlela yimbi ngaphandle kweyenkqubo yoongxowankulu. Ukubona ngale ndlela kususela ekukhuthazweni ngendlela “engenangozi” efana nokumema umntu onyulwe ngabasebenzi emgidini womphathi wenkampani weKrismesi, kuye ekubandakanyeni iiyunyoni nombuso kwindawo zeengxoxo ekuhleni, nakwiikomiti zepalamente, nasezinkundleni zamatyala, nalapho kusombululwa iingxabano.

Konke oku kuzisa ukubekwa kweenkokheli zabasebenzi komnye ummandla okanye kobunye ubume bemeko yendawo. Apho baboniswa ngeembono zoophangwana “ezifaneleyo”, ezivumelana nokuthi iiyunyoni zingakhalaza, zibange kodwa hayi ukuphikisa isiseko senkqubo yoongxowankulu. Ezi zimbono zabanamalungelo athile kule nkqubo. Iinkampani zicaphula kulo mmandla ukufumana abaphathi, abacwangcisi-mali, amagqwetha nabaphathi bengqesho, abazakuba ngecala labo etafileni xa bejongene nabanyulwa babasebenzi. Aba bantu bakude kakhulu nemigodi, neefektri, nezindlu zokusebenzela, neetroli ezithwala impahla, namakitshi, neendawo zokwenza uluhlu lwabantu abagadayo, apho inkqatho yenzekayo. Okungabonakaliyo akucingwa. Ngokubona koophangwana, nangona inkqubo yoongxowankulu ineziphaku isebenza kakuhle ngokwaneleyo kuba iyabasebenzela. Oophangwana badlala indima ebalulekileyo kulenkqubo. Bayayihombisa bayithethelele “njengeyendalo” “eqhelekileyo”, “ngalo ndlela izinto zingayo”.

Igumbi lebhodi lingummandla ongaqhelekanga kumntu onyulwe ngabasebenzi kutsha nje ukuya kugqiba iveki ezingxoxweni. Kulula ukulahleka kulo mmandla onobutshaba. Ummeli wabasebenzi uzakuxelelwa ngabameli boongxowankulu ukuthi ubukho benkqatho yodidi labasebenzi, obu ngezolo ebebuthatha njengenyaniso yimpazamo nje yokungaqondi. Inkampani ilusapho olunye olukhulu olonwabileyo olusebenzela ingomso losapho lonke. Kodwa ukubuyela endaweni yokusebenza nenyaniso yenkqatho yodidi yemihla ngemihla zinceda ukugcina iinyawo zommeli wabasebenzi zizinzile emhlabeni.

Amalungelo Athile

Kodwa abaqeshi bafumana iindlela zokunqanda iinyawo zabameli babasebenzi zingaphinde zibuyele emhlabeni. Isiqalo sokubafaka ekhwapheni kukukhuthaza amalungelo ekungenamsebenzi wumbi owaphuphayo, angaphaya ngokugqithisileyo kwamalungelo ommeli ozimisele ukuba yinkokheli esebenzela abasebenzi.

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abasebenzi usoloko uquka ukubangwa ngokufanelekileyo kommeli wabasebenzi obasebenzela ixesha lakhe lonke lokusebenza ebhatalwa umrholo wesiqhelo ngumqeshi. Abasebenzi babona kuyinkqubela phambili xa iyunyoni inezimali zokuvula iofisi, iqashe abaququzeli abayisebenzelayo, nezikhundla zezinye iinkokheli ezonyuliweyo zibe nemisebenzi yamaxesha onke. Konke oku kuyafuneka ekwakheni iyunyoni eyomeleleyo. Kwabaninzi ukuba ngumnyulwa wabasebenzi ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu olindele okugqithisileyo kwintshukumo yabasebenzi. Ngabasebenzi abangamakroti nabazinikeleyo abangavumayo ukuwenza, baqhele ukududulelwa kwesi sikhundla ngenxa yokuthenjwa ngabanye abasebenzi.

Kodwa abaqeshi bafumana indlela yokwenza nokomelela kweyunyoni kubasebenzele. Abaqeshi baguqula imigudu yokomeleza iyunyoni bayenze ithuba lokuyithabathela kubo. Ngoko ke bakhulula ngokuphelelyo abameli babasebenzi kumsebenzi onzima nosisithukuthezi wasendaweni yokusebenza. Unikwa iofisi, nemali evunyelweyo, iseli (umnxeba wesandla) nemoto. Kwezinye iinkampani bakhuphula umrholo ufane nowabaphathi. Abaqeshi benza kangangoko benako ukuvula umgama phakathi kwabasebenzi neenkokheli zabo ukubabekela bucala, bazenze mtofo-tofo ukuze bamkele indlela ababona ngayo ubomi.

Ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo athile kunabela kwizakhiwo zeyunyoni ngenxa yabo ukucacelwa kukutya kwandiswa kukongezwa kokutya. Bafuna ukuziva “bengabalingani ngemimandla” noophangwana abangabameli babaqeshi abajongana nabo ezitafileni kwizindlu zeebhodi, bafanise uSosiba Jikelele neCEO. Imivuzo nezongezo zemivuzo zinganda zide zande. Abasathuthwa njengowonke-wonke kuba banezabo iimoto. Abasaxhomekekanga kwizibhedlela zikarhulumente ezingenanto esebenzayo ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali, nasezikolweni zikarhulumente kuba iintsapho zabo zingena kwizikolo zabanini bodwa. Ekugqibeleni bayafuduka kwimiphakathi ukuya kwakhelana nabaqeshi nabaphathiswa babo ezidolophini.

Ezi nkokheli zeeyunyoni zikhutshulelwa koophangwana. Imimandla abafakwa kuyo ezindlwini zeebhodi iba sisiqhelo sobomi bobuntu babo. Abasanyatheli kwimimandla yabasebenzi, abasaxubi nemindilili yabo. Baqalisile ukubona ilizwe njengoophangwana. Baqale ukucinga ukuba, “ewe, inkqubo yoongxowankulu imbi, kodwa hayi kangako, iyandisebenzela nam noko ngoku”.

Iinjongo zeenkokheli zeeyunyoni ezinamalungelo athile azisafani neenjongo zabasebenzi. Zifuna ukuxhamla ngamalungelo abo athile. Umzabalazo weendidi sele uyinkathazo kubo. Xa “ugqithisile” uba yingozi kumalungelo abo athile – istrayiki sinokugqibela soyisiwe, kulahleke amalungu okuzala ukucutheka kwezimali zeyunyoni. Oku kuzisa ukubekwa kwemida engatsitywa ngumzabalazo – okuzisa ukuthanda amasiko amadala nokungafuni “ukuphazamisa inzolo”.

Ukusuka apha akuthabathi mtsi omkhulu ukujonga ngaphaya kokudel’ingozi yokungaphumeleli kundoqo womsebenzi weyunyoni – umzabalazo weendidi, ukuya kuzo zonke iintlobo-ntlobo zokuzama ukuzityebisa ngezimali zokuzalisa imali zeyunyoni. Oku kuzisa ukuphambana neenjongo zeyunyoni nokwenza iyunyoni ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yoongxowankulu. Iiyunyoni zijike zingabi liliva elihlaba udidi loongxowankulu kodwa zivane nabaqeshi, zibe yindawo yokuqeqeshela inkqubela phambili ebomini. Ukwenza umzekelo, iCEPPAWU kumanyano lweNactu, zaba nezabelo kunye eSasol, inkampani ezazinamalungu kuyo ngo2008. UNobhala Jikelele waleyunyoni wangaphambili wasebenzisa amaphepha enkohliso ukusayina izigqibo zezigidi eziyi300 zamarandi phambi kokuba obu bumenemene bufunyaniswe. Iyunyoni emanyene neCosatu iNUM inolwahlulelwano olulinganayo neChamber of Mines ngomashonisa obolekisa ngemali kumalungu. Oku kunika iNUM umdla wokugcina imirholo yaba basebenzi iphantssi ukuze baxhomekeke kulomashonisa.

Xa iinkokheli zeeyunyoni zithabathelwe kubaphathiswa ngobuninzi obulingeneyo, okuqale kuyimfuneko yenkqubo yokuphatha kugqibele kuvelise abaphathi ngamalungelo athile. Nangona abasebenzi bebona iyunyoni iyindlela yokuqhubela phambili umzabalazo wokukhuphula imirholo nokwenza ngcono isimo sokusebenza, abamalungelo athile bayibona iyindlela yokufumana amalungelo athile.

Xa amalungelo athile aba sisiqhelo seyunyoni, ukuqhubela phambili ubomi nako kuyaqheleka. Olu hlobo lommeli wabasebenzi oluselichaziwe ngaphambili lududulelwa ngaphandle ngabafuna ukukhwela istimela sobusi – ukuqhutywa ngamathuba aluncedo kuthathe indawo yokwenza okufanele kwenziwe ngokomthetho-siseko. Oku kukhokelela ebutshabeni obuchithayo phakathi kweeyunyoni ezinenkxaso yamanani aphezulu abasebenzi kwishishini ngalinye, ukuqokelelwa kwemali encitshiswe emirholweni nokulawulwa kwezimali ezinenzala. Ngaphakathi kweyunyoni ubundlobongela ngezigxinya kuyaqalisa. Ukuzipha umhlaba wokwenza intando  yabamalungelo athile bacinezela inkululeko nolawulo labasebenzi babuyisele endaweni yazo urhwaphilizo, nokuthusela ngodlame.

Iziphumo

Abaqeshi bavumela iinkokheli zabasebenzi zibe ngamapolisa abo kwintshukumo yabasebenzi. “Ukuvela ngaphandle” kokhuselo lwenkqubo yobungxowankulu ngeyona ndlela efanelekileyo. Abaqeshi abanakuba nabahlobo abangcono ukugqitha abameli babasebenzi, nabaphathi neenkokheli zeyunyoni ezingakholelwa ukuthi kukho ndlela yimbi ngaphandle kwenkqubo yobungxowankulu. Okubi ukugqitha oku kukufumanisa ukuthi abafuni ndlela yimbi. Bayakungenela zonke iingxoxo, impembelelo nestrayiki ngenjongo zokufuna ukuhlangabezana. Ngokukholelwa ukuthi uluntu alunakukhokelwa ludidi lumbi ngaphandle koloongxowankulu iinkokheli zothuka zife isiqaqa xa zityholwa “ngokufaka ipolitiki” emzabalazweni. Bayivuma lula imida ebekelwa intshukumo yabasebenzi ngumbuso woongxowankulu, endaweni yokulwela ukuyiphikisa bacenga ukwenza umnikelo ngayo.

Kambe ke oku kuzinekezela kunalapho kungenakufikelela khona. Iyunyoni ayiyonto ngaphandle kwamalungu. Ekugqibeleni nabona abake bababi abamalungelo athile kufuneka bawagcine amalungu ukuze babenakho ukuba namalungelo athile. Bayawongeza amalungelo athile ngezimali ezinenzala nobumeli benkampani. Iyunyoni ayikwazi ukuzikhulula ekuxhomekekeni kubasebenzi ngaphandle kokuyeka ukuba yiyunyoni.

Nangona bexinzelelwa yile meko, abameli babasebenzi abaninzi, abaphathi neenkokheli zeyunyoni azizinikezeli kubaqeshi nakubaphathi beeyunyoni bamalungelo athile. Kodwa akukho nenye iyunyoni okanye umanyano olungekho ngozini yokusetyenziswa ngabaqeshi. Ingozi ivezwa yindalo yenkqubo yobungxowankulu ngokwayo. Kodwa ukukhuselwa ngabasebenzi kungenzeka noxa kunjalo. Kufuneka inkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Yinkqubo echaseneyo ngokucacileyo nenkqubo yobungxowankulu enganceda abasebenzi ukuzikhusela kuyo yonke imigibe eyakhiwa ngabaqeshi.

Isoshiyalizim Neeyunyoni Zenguquko

Ukusebenza kweeyunyoni zenguquko kukwamkela ukuthi kunankqubo yimbi ngaphandle kwale yoongxowankulu, nokuqonda ukuthi le nkqubo ibizwa isoshiyalizim. Endaweni yokwanela yimpikisano engenasiphelo nabaqeshi, yokuhlangabezana okwethutyana okungazinzanga, iiyunyoni zenguquko zidala imfuneko yokubandakanya umzabalazo wasendaweni yokusebenza, wemihla ngemihla, nomzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim eluntwini jikelele.

Uqoqosho Lwesoshiyalizim

Imbewu yengomso loluntu lwesoshiyalizim ityalwe ekukhuleni kwenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu. Ubunini wedwa boqoqosho bunika abaqeshi ilungelo lokuphakela ezityeni zabo indyebo ekhutshwa ngabasebenzi. Kwinkqubo yoqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim ubunini wedwa kwiincotshe zolawulo loqoqosho abunakuvunyelwa. Iibhanki, imigodi, iifektri namashishini amakhulu, neefama ezirhwebayo ziyakulawulwa ngurhulumente wabasebenzi ngolawulo ngentando yesininzi.

Uxhamlo wedwa lwamashishini akhule ngokugqithisileyo kukulungiselele oku. Ukuba nezahlulo zeenkampani, nokuba nendawo apho kuthengwa, kuthengiswe ezi zahlulo sele kubuqokelele ubunini bezinkampani phakathi kodidi loongxowankulu. Izahlulo zingathengwa nanguwuphi waphi na ungxowankulu. Kaninzi abazi nokuba banantoni na, abakufunayo kukusoloko befumana inzuzo nje kuphela. Ixabiso leenkampani ezingaphezulu kuka300 ezibhaliswe kwiJSE (Johannesburg Stock Exchange) laliyi14 yamawaka ezigidi zamarandi ngo2016 yaye ezinkulu eziyi25 kuphela iinkampani zazinexabiso le10 yonke yala mawaka ezigidi zala marandi. Isahlulo sobungxowankulu kubunini beencotshe zokulawula uqoqosho sifanele ukuguqulelwa kwesomntu wonke kuqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim. 

Ukhuphiswano phakathi kweenkampani zoongxowankulu, nolwabelano ngobutyebi ngokwemarike kuzise ingxubakaxaka kuqoqosho nokunqaba kwemisebenzi, neemfazwe  ngamanye amaxesha xa kuthelekiswa izizwe. Kuqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim ukhuphiswano nengxubakaxaka zidedela imvisiswano nokuba necebo lokukhulisa uqoqosho ngentando yesininzi.

Kwakhona inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu sele yandlale isiseko. Iinkampani ezikhule kangangokuba zixhamla zodwa kwindyebo yelizwe ziqesha uninzi labasebenzi ngokwenkcukacha yokuceba ukwenza. Kodwa bawushiya esithubeni lo msebenzi wokuceba bengawugqibanga. Baceba okuqhubekayo kwinkampani hayi phakathi kweenkampani. Amahlazo okumiswa kwamaxabiso, okulwa ngokhuphiswano nangokuxhamla wedwa, kukuvuma ukuthi kuyafuneka ukuceba. Kuqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim endaweni yokuthi iShoprite izimele ngabasebenzi bayo abayi130,000 kweli cala nePic N Pay kwelinye icala ngabayo abasebenzi abayi80,000, ishishini lokuvelisa nokwabelana ngokutya liyakuba phantsi kwecebo ngentando yesininzi. Oku kuyakuncedisa ukucutha inkcitho nokusebenzisa izisetyenziswa ngobugcisa. Ekugqibeleni onke amasebe oqoqosho akwazi ukuthetha-thethana ukuza necebo lokuvelisa nokwabelana kwisizwe jikelele.

Kodwa uqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim alukwazi ukuphumelela ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe elinye kuphela. Umsebenzi wokwakha isoshiyalizim ngumsebenzi ofuna icebo ngehlabathi jikelele. Inkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu sele iyivelisile imarike yezizwe, yahlulahlula imisebenzi ihlabathi lonke liphela. Ilizwe elifuna ukuxhamla kwinkqubela phambili yempucuko alinandlela yokuphuma kule marike yezizwe. Ukwenza umzekelo, ilizwe loMzantsi Afrika lihamba phambili emhlabeni ngokuba neplatinam. Iplatinam isetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi nasekuncediseni ukuxuba ioksijin ekuvuthiseni idizile ezimotweni. Ininzi ekhutshwayo eMzantsi Afrika ngaphezulu kwengasetyenziswayo leli lizwe kuphela. Kwenye inxenye uMzantsi Afrika awunayo ioli. Ioli isetyenziswa ekwenzeni ipetroli nasekwenzeni iplastiki. Ngaphandle kwemarike yezizwe uMzantsi Afrika unganeplatinam eyinqwaba ungenalo neqabaza leoli yokwenza ipetroli neplastiki. Ilizwe ngalinye linowalo umzekelo wendlela elixhomekeke ngayo emarikeni yezizwe. Kweli khulu lama21 leminyaka akunalizwe elingazikhupha kule marike.

Okuqhubela phambili uqoqosho lwehlabathi kukukhula kokukhuthalela ubuchule nobugcisa. Kufuneka kusetyenziswe izisetyenziswa zangoku ngoninzi olufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekise okungenzekayo. Ukwenza umzekelo, ishishini lestili laseChina, ngokusebenzisa izisetyenziswa zangoku likhupha istili esinganelisa izidingo zehlabathi lonke liphela. Kodwa namanye amazwe angayidazini anamashishini amakhulu estili. Yinkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu kuphela engadala ingxubakaxaka yoninzi olugqithisileyo lwento esisiseko nedingekayo kangaka eluntwini njengestili. Isiphumo soku iba ziimfazwe zorhwebo, nokucuthwa kokwenza istili okudala ukulahleka kwemisebenzi ngenxa yabaqeshi bezama ukukhusela inzuzo yamasishini abo. Kodwa abasebenzi baseChina nabamanye amazwe banganomdla wantoni kolu khuphiswano? Abasebenzi behlabathi mabamanyane macal’onke emida yamazwe kumzabalazo obambeneyo ukwakha isoshiyalizim ngokuceba uqoqosho lwehlabathi jikelele.

La manyathelo asisiseko soqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim. Isoshiyalizim iyakuvumela indyebo edalwa ngabasebenzi ukuthi isebenzele uluntu lonke luphela. Imirholo ikhuphuke nemisebenzi idalwe. Izindlu ezihloniphekileyo zalamaxesha, iikliniki, izibhedlela nezikolo zingakhiwa, noncedo lomgangatho ophezulu lungaziswa. Ukupheliswa kobuhlwempu kungacutha kakhulu ukuphulwa kwemithetho nezinye iingxaki zoluntu eziquka ubuni, ucalulo ngebala, ngobuzwe nangobuzwe bangaphandle. Inkqubo yoluntu nemfundo yobomi bonke ziyakwakhiwa. Umntu ngamnye uyakuba nakho ukufezekisa angakwenzayo.

Intando Yesininzi Kwisoshiyalizim

Kumzabalazo weyunyoni wokulwela ukulawula indawo yokusebenza ngentando yesininzi ngakumbi, kunembewu yolawulo labasebenzi ngentando yesininzi langomso lokwazi ukuqhuba uqoqosho lwesoshiyalizim. Iiyunyoni zinendima ezingayidlalayo yokuqeqesha abasebenzi ukuze bakuthathe ngokwabo ukuqhuba uluntu. Abameli babasebenzi bayalamla bakhusele imisebenzi; banqande izenzo ezingalungile; nokujikajika ishifu nanini na. Njengoko intshukumo yeeyunyoni ikhula, iikomiti zabameli abanyuliweyo abenza ingxelo emalungwini, kufuneka zizimisele ukuyilawula ngakumbi indawo yokusebenza, nokuqesha nokugxotha, nokulandelanisa ishefu, njalo njalo.

Imfundo yeeyunyoni mayingapheleli ekufundiseni abameli ukulandela imithetho, le ekugqibelelni ekhusela inkqatho yabaqeshi, noxa oku kuyimfuneko. Mayibafundise nangembali yeeyunyoni, nobuchule bokwakha iyunyoni, nangepolitiki ukubabonisa zonke iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabaqeshi ukulawula nokuthathela kubo intshukumo yeeyunyoni, kunye nemigudu yabo yokuhlukanisa abasebenzi ngobuni, ngebala, ngempawu zesini, ngolwimi nangobuzwe. Imfundo yeeyunyoni mayifundise abasebenzi ukuphatha inkampani, ukufudusa izisetyenziswa, ubuchule nobugcisa bokuvelisa. Lo msebenzi ungaqalisa ukwakha umbuso wabasebenzi wangomso apho izigqibo eziyintloko zithathwa ngabasebenzi ngokwabo. Ukoyikiswa ngobundlobongela bombuso esigrhogrhiswa ngawo imihla ngemihla bungaphela.

Ukusebenza komntu wonke phantsi kwenkqubo yesoshiyalizim kuyakusivumela ukuthi siphungule iveki yokusebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumrholo, kudale ixesha elifunwa ngabasebenzi ukuqhuba uluntu. Iveki ingazintsuku ezine okanye ezintathu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumrholo, ukuze kusetyenziswe olunye usuku ukuxoxa, ukongamela nokuceba ingomso ngentando yesininzi.

Le yinkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko – ukulungiselela abasebenzi umzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim eluntwini. Kuphuma kwesi siseko sepolitiki esicace gqa ukuthi iiyunyoni zenguquko zizimisele ukwakha intshukumo ezimele ngodidi lwayo geqe, elwayo, emanyeneyo, elawulwa ngabasebenzi.

Umthetho-siseko Wenkqubo

UTrotsky wabhala ngentetho ethi: “isiphumo siba sisizathu sendlela”. Wawukhaba umnakano othi isiphumo nendlela zingahlukaniswa ngokuchaza ukuthi imbewu yengqolowa mayityalwe ukuze ikhuphe isikwebu sengqolowa. UTrotsky wachaza ukuthi oku kuthetha ntoni ngokuziphatha kwabalwela nguquko xa besakha intshukumo yabasebenzi. Wathi:

Kuvumeleke yaye kufaneleke ezo ndlela kuphela qha …… ezizisa umanyano kudidi labasebenzi, zizalisa iintliziyo zabo ngentiyo engenakuxolelaniswa yengcinezelo, zifundisa ukujongela phantsi ukuziphatha kwabaphathi, zibazalisa ngokuqonda indima yabo embalini yoluntu nokukhuthaza ubukhalipha, nokufaka umoya wokuzinikela emzabalazweni.

Ukuziphatha Kwabo Nokwethu, 1938

Kusekuqondeni ngokucacileyo ukuthi ikhona enye indlela echasene nenkqubo yoongxowankulu eyisoshiyalizim, “isiphumo” sethu ngokutsho kukaTrotsky, apho kuvela ukuziphatha ngokuzinikela ekwakheni intshukumo ezimele ngodidi labasebenzi abamanyeneyo beeyunyoni ezilwayo ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi. Isoshiyalizim ayikwazi ukwakhiwa ngasemva kwabasebenzi (emfihlakalweni), kodwa ngabasebenzi qha kuphela bekhokelwe ngabaqokelelane phantsi kweeyunyoni. Nantoni na ethintela abasebenzi bangayidlali indima yabo ngokwembali yoluntu iphikisana nenkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Kungesi sizathu ukwakhiwa kwentshukumo yeeyunyoni enje ngale kubhalwe kwiDNA yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Kuyimfuneko oku ukuze kukhule ukuqonda kwabasebenzi ngesoshiyalizim nangendima yabo kumzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim.

Ngoko ke ukuba ngaba abaququzeli beeyunyoni zenguquko bangezona zizimisele ukulwa nezingachaphazeleki ngorhwaphilizo iinkokheli kungenxa yokuba bami kuphela ngenkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Yinkqubo ekufanele ukuthi abasebenzi bayithembe, bathembe umntu xa alwela le nkqubo.

Abaququzeli Abalwayo

Abamalungelo athile  kwiiyunyoni abafuna ukunyina umzabalazo bayakuhlebela abasebenzi bathi, “jongani abalwela nguquko bakhathalele ingomso lesoshiyalizim kuphela, abanamsebenzi neengxaki eninazo namhlanje.” Kodwa inyaniso iyakuphikisa oku. Inkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko iqeqesha bonke abami ngayo ukuthi babe ngabona abalwayo abaququzeli.

Ukuzimisela ukunqoba kuyo yonke imizabalazo kubaluleke kakhulu kuba uninzi labantu lufunda ngokwenza. Ngaphezulu kwento yonke akukho okufundisa abasebenzi ngoluntu, okanye okwakha ukuthemba amandla abo ukuguqula izinto ngaphezulu kokunqoba emzabalazweni. Ngaphaya koko, yonke imizabalazo enqobayo ukongeza imirholo, ukongeza umsebenzi, ukongeza iitsuku zokuphumla, komeleza abasebenzi ngokucutha umthwalo othwelweyo ekuphileni. Kongeza ixesha namandla okuququzela nokuzifundisa nangepolitiki.

Xa bezixhobise ngale ndlela eya kwisoshiyalizim echasene nokuqhathwa kwabasebenzi ngoongxowankulu abaququzeli beeyunyoni zenguquko abangeni emzabalazweni ukuvumelanisa iinjongo zabasebenzi nezabaqeshi. Bangena emzabalazweni bengecala labasebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yokubaleka xa betyholwa ngokuzisa ipolitiki emsebenzini, baququzelela ukuzisa yona ngqo. Yonke imizabalazo kungakhathaliseki nokuba incinane kangakanani, mayifundise abasebenzi ngobuni benkqubo yoongxowankulu, nangendima yabo ekuguquleni uluntu. Abaququzeli beeyunyoni zenguquko bazinikezela kangangoko benakho ukuqinisekisa ukunqoba kwimizabalazo yemihla ngemihla kuba bayibona iyinxenye yemizabalazo yesoshiyalizim neyengqeqesho yokuzilungiselela olu hambo.

Ukuhlangabezana

Oku akuthethi ukuthi abaququzeli beeyunyoni zenguquko ngabantu abangakhathaliyo, “abavuyel’istrayiki” okanye yonke imizabalazo ingajikwa yenziwe ibhukuqe inkqubo yoongxowankulu. Le yingxoxo enobuntwana evela kwabanamagunya beeyunyoni. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuhlangabezana akunakuncedwa kungenakuphetshwa. ULenin wakuphendula oku kugxeka okukhatheleyo wathi:

Umsebenzi wephathi yenguquko nyhani ayiko kubhengeza ukungabi nakho ukulahla ukuhlangabezana, kodwa kukuba nakho, kuko konke ukuhlangabezana, xa kungenakuncedwa, kukuhlala kunyanisekiwe kumgaqo-siseko, kudidi labasebenzi, kwiinjongo zenguquko, nakumsebenzi wokulungiselela ubhukuqo-mbuso nokufudisa umndilili ukuze unqobe.

Ngokuhlangabezana, 1917

Kumphathi weyunyoni wamalungelo athile ongenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kweyenkqubo yoongxowankulu kuthetha ukuvumelana nabaqeshi emfihlakalweni ngasemva kwabasebenzi, wakugqiba uxoke ebasebenzini ukwenzela “ukubathengisela” esi sivumelwano. Kodwa kubalwela nguquko ukuhlangabezana nabaqeshi okungenakuncedwa okanye okungenakuphetshwa kukuthabatha inyathelo elirhoxayo ngobuchule bokulwa, nethuba lokufundisa abasebenzi ngokunyanisekileyo. Inkohliso ayizincedi nganto iiyunyoni zenguquko naxa zoyisiwe okwexeshana. Ukuxoka akukwazi ukufundisa abasebenzi ukuthi kufuneka kwenziwe ntoni ukuzisa ukunqoba ngomso kumzabalazo wanamhlanje okanye kumzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim.

Udidi Oluzimeleyo

Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo indima edlalwa ngumbuso woongxowankulu kuthetha ukuthi iiyunyoni zenguquko azivumi ukuthathwa njengenxenye yombuso nokusetyenziswa njegelungu lawo. Endaweni yoko bakhetha ukuzimela ngodidi labo. Ukuziphatha kwethu mayela nombuso mayibe bubuchule bokulwa.

Ukwenza umzekelo, ipalamente ayikwazi ukuphelisa inkqubo yoongxowankulu, kuba iyinxenye yombuso lo omele ukuyikhusela le nkqubo. Kodwa embalini yoluntu oku akumisi abasebenzi ukuyisebenzisa ukulungisa apha naphaya kubomi babo nokubonisa ngayo ukuthi ulawulo ngentando yesininzi kusebenza ukuya phi na. Kwangokunjalo neenkundla zamatyala neendawo zeengxoxo zasekuhleni. Ezi azikwazi ukuphelisa ukuqhathwa kwabasebenzi nangona zisetyenziswa ukuzikhusela nokufumana amalungelo athile. Ukubonisa ukungabinakho ukuyiguqula le nkqubo yoongxowankulu makwenziwe ngaxeshanye nokubonisa indima edlalwa zizo ukuyikhusela. Ekugqibeleni xa impumelelo yomzabalazo wabasebenzi ithintelwa yimithetho engalungile makuququzelelwe ukwaliwa kwayo ngumndilili wabantu.

Intando Yesininzi Nolawulo Labasebenzi

Iiyunyoni ezilawulwa ngentando yesininzi ngenene ngezinabasebenzi abakhululekileyo ukuxoxa, baphulaphule amacal’onke engxoxo ukuze bakwazi ukulawula abameli neenkokheli ngenene ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kodidi labasebenzi.

Iiyunyoni ezilawulwa ngentando yesininzi ziyindawo apho abasebenzi baxoxa baxambulisane ngamava abo omzabalazo. Iingxoxo ezinjalo zinceda abasebenzi ngeemfundiso ezibalulekileyo ezizisa ukuqonda okunzulu ngobuni bale nkqubo yoongxowankulu nendima yabo ekuguquleni uluntu ukwakha isoshiyalizim. Akuvumelekile kwiiyunyoni zenguquko ukunyamezela ukunyinwa kolawulo ngentando yesininzi okanye ukulawula ngobuqhetseba kwabamalungelo athile kuba kunyina ukukhula ngepolitiki nangezimvo.

Okunye okungavumelekile ngokufanayo kukuthi iiyunyoni zenguquko zinyakathise ngobuqhetseba udweliso lwenkqubo yazo. Abasebenzi abakwazi ukuqhathwa ngobuqhetseba ukuthi bamkele umzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim. Ukuba uninzi labasebenzi lisenethemba ukuthi ikhona into eleleyo kwinkqubo yoongxowankulu okanye bengenathemba ukuthi isoshiyalizim ingenzeka, iiyunyoni zenguquko azikawugqibi umsebenzi wokusasaza nokuphembelela ukuguqula “iintliziyo neengqondo”. Ukucinga ngakumbi kukuziqhatha. Endaweni yoko kufuneka uhlalutyo ukuba kungani liqhubeka ithemba, kufunyanwe iintetha ezimfutshane zokusasaza nokufundisa ukunceda abasebenzi balahle la mathemba.

Ngaphezulu koko, ulawulo labasebenzi langenene lemibutho yabo lubaluleke gqitha kwindima yabo yokuqhuba uluntu phantsi kwesoshiyalizim. Iiyunyoni ezinamandla ngokulawulwa ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi eziya zisongeza ukunyina amandla abaqeshi nolawulo emsebenzini zikhokelela abasebenzi kwizigqibo zepolitiki ezibalulekileyo nezisebenzayo. Ngokufundiswa kukukhula kwamandla nokulawula inxenye yobomi babo kuya kuqheleka ukuthi bazibuze kanje “ukuba singaphatha silawule umbutho wethu nokujika izinto ngawo, nokude silawule emsebenzini, kungani singabakhuphi abaqeshi ngokupheleleyo, siphathe uluntu ngokwethu.” Ukuvela kweyunyoni endaweni yokusebenza kukuzisa lo mbuzo – ngubani nyhani olawula le ndawo yokusebenza. Ukuba ngaba lo mbuzo ubuzwa ngaxeshanye kwindawo ezininzi zokusebenza, ngoko ke kulandela ongaphezulu kwalowo umbuzo, loluphi udidi olulawula uluntu?

Kodwa ukuba ngaba abasebenzi bayanyinwa bathintelwe ngabaphathi beyunyoni bamalungelo athile abanganik’ingxelo embuthweni wabo, okukopa ukuthintelwa kolawulo ngentando yesininzi lwendawo yokusebenza ngabaqeshi, ukuthemba amandla abo kuyatyhafiswa. Iinkokheli zamalungelo athile ezinganik’ingxelo zingqina oko kushumayelwa ngabaqeshi – ukubekwa ngaphantsi okanye ukuthathelwa phantsi kwabasebenzi. Kwiiyunyoni zenguquko ukulawulwa kwemibutho yabo ngabasebenzi kukubaqeqeshela ukulawula uluntu lulonke.

Ukuphatha Kakuhle Nokuphatha Ngamalungelo Athile

Iiyunyoni zenguquko zisixhobisa ngokuqonda okomeleleyo ukuthi ukuphatha ngamalungelo athile ngunobangela wokucinezelwa kolawulo lweeyunyoni ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi. Abaqeshi bazithabathela kubo iinkokheli zabasebenzi ngamalungelo athile azikhupha kudidi labasebenzi. Ngokwazi oku siyomelezwa ukuthi sikwazi ukuxhathisa.

Iiyunyoni zenguquko zifuna abasebenzi bafune ukulungiselela ukuphatha kakuhle, okuquka ukubhatala imirholo yabaququzeli neyabanyuliweyo abathile, okungakhuli kude kugqithe okuyimfuneko yokuthi kusebenze. Kakade kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuthi ukubhatalwa kwemirholo ekuqaleni kwakujongwe ukuphungula umthwalo wokunqabelwa yimali kwabasebenzi. Akuncedi ukuba neenkokheli ezisoloko zilambile, zingazi ukuthi isidlo esilandelayo siyakuqhamka kuyiphi inkalo, okanye ezihlala zibhidekile ngenxa yokuthuswa kukungabikho kwerenti. Ingcinezelo yintlupheko enjalo ngokwayo ingafaka umntu ekurhwaphilizeni. Iyunyoni nganye kwishishini ngalinye ingazimisela owayo umgangatho ongasebenzayo nofanele imeko yayo.

Ngamnye amaxesha abaququzeli benguquko bangafumana izigxinya kwiiyunyoni ezinesiko lokuphatha ngamalungelo athile. Ukuthatha ezo zigxinya ingaba yindima efunekayo kumzabalazo wokuziguqula ezo yunyoni. Abenza njalo bayakuzifumana besamkela imirholo ephakeme kakhulu, banikwe nelungelo lokubanga iindleko ezingapheliyo. Kwimeko eloluhlobo umququzeli weyunyoni yenguquko makathathe inxenye kuphela yalo mrholo ukuwusebenzisa ngokwakhe, andule ukubonisa ngokuphandle ukuthi iindleko azibangayo zinyanisekile.

Iphathi Yenguquko

Nayiphi na inkqubo ifuna inqwelo yokuyikhusela nokuyisasaza. Ngokwethu iiyunyoni zizodwa azanele. Iphathi yenguquko nayo iyafuneka. UTrotsky wachaza ukuthi kungani xa wayesithi:

Umcimbi wobudlelano phakathi kwephathi, emele abasebenzi njengokuba bafanele ukuba njalo, neeyunyoni, ezimele abasebenzi njengoko benjalo, ngumcimbi osisiseko esibaluleke kakhulu kwiimfundiso zikaMarx ngenguquko.

UTrotsky ubalula ukuthi “ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo” udidi loongxowankulu lusebenzisa ulawulo lalo loluntu – umbuso, izinto zokusasaza iindaba, imfundo, njalo njalo – ukukhuthaza abasebenzi bamkele inkqatho yabo. Kukhuthazwa zonke izimvo ezisemva eziphikisa inguquko ukugcina abasebenzi bengazi nto, besemva yaye beqhekekile. Kukhuthazwa nendlela ekucingwa ngayo ukuthi ingqinelane nenkqubo yobungxowankulu, nokuphikisana nako konke okukhokelela kwisoshiyalizim. Ezi zimvo ziziswa kwintshukumo yeeyunyoni ziinkokheli zamalungelo athile zisuka koongxowankulu nabathetheleli babo. Abaxhasi beeyunyoni zenguquko bafanele bazibumbele ukuxhathisa kulo msinga ngombutho ongeke ube yinto yimbi ngaphandle kwephathi yenguquko.

Iphathi yenguquko isebenzela ukufaka udidi labasebenzi kwinkqubo yokwakha isoshiyalizim kuwo onke amaziko omzabalazo – ezindaweni zokusebenza, emiphakathini, ezikolweni naseziyunivesithi, hayi elizweni lonke kuphela kodwa ehlabathini lonke jikelele. Inkqubo yokwakha isoshiyalizim isisiqalo sokwakha umanyano olubanzi lodidi labasebenzi. Kungenxa yokuba isoshiyalizim kukuquka izidingo zodidi labasebenzi lilonke.

Phantsi kwenkqubo yoongxowankulu abaqeshi basoloko belinga ukusihlukanisa. Ubuni, ucalulo ngebala, ubuzwe, ubuzwe bangaphandle ziyakhuthazwa. Bathemba ukuthi sizakuxabanela imvuthuluka yabo. Isoshiyalizim ibandakanya abasebenzi ngaphezulu koku kuhlulahlulwa. Inkqubo yokwakha isoshiyalizim ayivumi ukuthi yimvuthulika kuphela engafumanekayo. Ichaza ukuthi ebunyanisweni kukho okulingene umntu wonke. Yinkqubo yoongxowankulu yobunini-wedwa nemveliso eleqa inzuzo kuphela edala ubuhlwempu nokungalingani. Ukuphelisa inkqubo yobungxowankulu kufuneka abasebenzi bamanyane emzabalazweni wokwakha isoshiyalizim. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iiyunyoni zenguquko ziyamila kwiiyunyoni zabasebenzi kuyafuneka ukuqeqesha udidi lonke labasebenzi kwinkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Xa udidi labasebenzi lumanyene lonke ukuphikisa abaqeshi nenkqubo yabo alunakunqandwa.

Umsebenzi Wenguquko Kwiiyunyoni

I-MWP yiphathi yenguquko. Siphilela ukuxhobisa udidi labasebenzi ngenkqubo yokuzabalazela ukwakha isoshiyalizim eluntwini. Kwiiyunyoni sakha amaqumrhu okuxoxa ngezimvo ezikulencwadana. UTrotsky wade wathi umququzeli wenguquko ongakuboni ukubaluleka kwalo msebenzi “akayazi into ayenzayo”. Ukuthi umququzeli weyunyoni yenguquko ubonisa njani uninzi labasebenzi le ndlela nje ngokuba umzabalazo uqhubeka yinto elawulwa bubuchule bokusebenza obuhlukana ngokweendawo zokusebenza, ngokweeyunyoni, nangokweemanyano zeeyunyoni. Owona msebenzi uyintloko wala maqumrhu kukukhombisa onke amaqela abasebenzi indlela esinga phambili. Ngokuqonda ngokucacileyo umthetho-siseko wenkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko siwuxhobele umzabalazo.

Umsebenzi wepolitiki olungiselelweyo wephathi yenguquko efana neMWP awunanto yokwenza nokuphathwa kakubi kweeyunyoni ziiphathi zepolitiki yoongxowankulu xa zisiya kwintshukumo yabasebenzi zishiya ingxabano nokuhlukahlukana. Oku kungoba nakanjani na iphathi engenankqubo engenye ngaphandle kweyoongxowankulu ayikwazi ukumela izidingo zodidi labasebenzi ngenene nokuba zingayicikoza kangakanani inguquko ngamanye amaxesha. Abafak’isandla neenkokheli zezi phathi zibasebenzisa ukuzuza ivoti yokungena kumbuso woongxowankulu. Ukuphumelela koku bazimisele ebuqhetsebeni nasekukhohliseni okufihlakeleyo.

Kodwa iMWP ayizimisele ukuthatha ulawulo lombuso ukuze baphathe inkqubo yoongxowankulu. Sisebenzela ukuphelisa inkqubo yoongxowankulu. Oku kuthetha ukuthi kunomahluko omkhulu kule ndlela sisebenza ngayo kwiiyunyoni. UTrotsky wachaza ukuthi abaququzeli benguquko:

“….. abanasizathu, ngezimvo zabo okanye ngemibutho yabo, sokuzifihla ngeeyunyoni. Abasebenzisi iiyunyoni kakubi ngamayelenqe asemfihlakalweni. Abaziqhekezi iiyunyoni xa beligcuntswana kuzo. Abakuphazamisi nakancinane ukuzimela kwazo yaye bancedisa imizabalazo yazo ngawo onke amandla abo. Ngamaxesha onke iphathi yenguquko inelungelo lokuphakamisa umbono wayo, xa kufuneka, ngayo yonke imibandela yentshukumo yeeyunyoni, nelokuhlaba amadlala ebuchuleni bayo bokulwa, nangeyunyoni uqobo, neyunyoni inelungelo lokuvuma nokwala lo mbono. Iphathi izama ukufumana ukuthenjwa ngabasebenzi ingakumbi abaqokelelane phantsi kweeyunyoni.”

Ingxoxo efunekayo namaqabane axhasa ulawulo lepotiki ngemibutho yabasebenzi, 1923

Njengoko sichaza ku yonke le ncwadana iiyunyoni zenguquko azingqinelani nje kuphela nentshukumo yeeyunyoni elwayo nelawulwa ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi, ziyayibanga.

Sibiza wonke umsebenzi, ummeli, umphathi, nenkokheli sithi yima ngenkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko. Joyina iphathi yethu, uthathe inxaxheba emaqumrhwini wethu, sebenzisana nathi ukuguqula intshukumo yeeyunyoni ibandakanye abasebenzi ukuzisa ukoyisa emzabalazweni wokwakha isoshiyalizim.

Esikumeleyo:

  • Inguquko ngegama nenguquko ngokwenza! Phembelela kuzo zonke iimanyano nakuzo zonke iiyunyoni inkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko – bandakanya imizabalazo yabasebenzi yemihla ngemihla nomzabalazo wokwakha isoshiyalizim.
  • Ilizwe elinye, imanyano elinye – yakha imanyano ngomthetho-siseko wentshukumo yeeyunyoni ezizimeleyo ngokuchasene nabaqeshi, ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi.
  •  Yakha ukuphatha okusebenzayo – phantsi ngokuphatha ngamalungelo athile, phantsi ngenkqubela phambili ngamaqabane! Phambili ngolawulo labasebenzi nangentando yesininzi! Iinkokheli zeeyunyoni ayizoCEO! Imirholo nolawulo lwemirholo yamagosa onke eeyunyoni mayimiswe ngabasebenzi ngentando yesininzi icandelo ngecandelo. Malupheliswe utyalo-mali lweyunyoni – lujikwe lube lulondolozo lwengxowa yestrayiki neyokuxhasa imigudu emxhel’omnye.
  • Yakha iimpembelelo ezilungelelanisiweyo zoqhankqalazo lomndilili ngayo yonke imiba ejongene nodidi labasebenzi. Yakha iikomiti zomzabalazo, icandelo ngecandelo eshishinini ezibandakanya abasebenzi abangamalungu eemanyano zonke neeyunyoni zonke nabangengawo amalungu kuqhankqalazo lomndilili. Tshixela ngaphandle abaqeshi bamashishini angawuthobeli umthetho ngokuthimba indawo yokusebenza. Banga ukuthabathela ishishini esizweni phantsi kolawulo labasebenzi.
  • Phantsi ngokuthemba amaziko ombuso woongxowankulu. Phambili nokuzimela ngodidi labasebenzi kweeyunyoni! Phembelela ubhentsiso lolawulo-qoqsho labaqeshi ngozwilakhe nokunyinwa kolawulo ngentando yesininzi. Khuthaza ukudelwa ngumndilili kwemithetho engalungile enqanda abasebenzi ukuzikhusela.
  • Thabathela esizweni phantsi kolawulo lodidi labasebenzi nomphakathi iibhanki, imigodi, iifama ezirhwebayo, amashishini amakhulu, neenkampani ezinkulu. Olomntu wonke olucetywe ngentando yesininzi uqoqosho lokwakha inkqubo yesoshiyalizim yokwanelisa izidingo zomntu wonke hayi inzuzo yoongxowankulu.
  • Khanda imanyano lodidi labasebenzi elilwayo kwiphathi yomzabalazo womndilili. Yakha iphathi yomndilili wabasebenzi yokwakha isoshiyalizim, yokubandakanya imizabalazo emisebenzini, nasemiphakathini, naselutsheni njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwakheni iphathi yenguquko yomndilili.
  • Lungisela udidi labasebenzi lukhokele ukuguqula uluntu lwakhe isoshiyalizim! Joyina iMarxist Workers Party. Ququzelela amaqumrhu okugqugula eMWP ukuze akhuthaze iiyunyoni zonke ukwamkela inkqubo yeeyunyoni zenguquko.

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