Tony Saunois, uSosiba weCWI
Ngosuku lwa 21 kuAgasti ngo1940 umlwela nguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim wasweleka emva kokuhlaselwa “yinkabi” ka-Stalin ngezolo. Kunye noLenin uTrotsky wayengeyona ephambili inkokheli yobhukuqo-mbuso ukuze kwakhiwe isoshiyalizim lwango Oktobha 1917 eRashiya. Kwakuqalisa ukubuyiselw’emva kwale nguquko eSoviet Union okwakukhokhelwe nguStalin, okwatshabalalisa nentshukumo yamakomanisi ezizwe – Umbutho Wamakomanisi Wezizwe WesiThathu – uTrotsky waqalisa ukwakha ngakutsha imikhosi esemgaqweni weemfundiso zikaMarx ngenene. Ukubalaselisa unyaka wama80 wohlaselo olwazisa ukusweleka kukaTrotsky, sipapasha ngaphantsi intshayelelo yencwadi entsha ngezimvo zikaTrotsky, ebhalwe nguTony Saunois, uSosiba weCWI.
Lo nyaka kuphawulwa isikhumbuzo somnyaka wamashumi asibhozo wokugwintwa kukaLeon Trotsky – owayeyinkokheli kunye noLenin yobhukuqo-mbuso lukaOktobha ngo1917 – “yinkabi” kaStalin yepolisa lezoKhuselo uRamon Mercader. Ngesenzo sakhe esikhohlakeleyo uMercader wavuzwa ngesidanga esiphezulu kakhulu sombuso obulalayo kaStalin esasibizwa ngemposiso “Umyalelo kaLenin”. Abalandeli bakaStalin babethembe ukuthi ngokugwinta uTrotsky babulala nezimvo awayeme ngazo. Ungambulala umntu kodwa hayi izimvo zenguquko ebeziququzelela. Inkqubo yobungxowankulu emhlabeni jikelele ingene kwisigaba sexesha lobunzima neziphithiphithi ezagqityelwa ngeminyaka yangoo1930. Kwesi simo uhlalutyo lwezimvo zikaLeon Trotsky nendima yazo luyafuneka yaye luyafaneleka kule mizabalazo evumbulukayo namhlanje.
Abameli bobungxowankulu namagosa abo asekunene kwentshukumo yabasebenzi balingile ukubala uTrotsky nezimvo zakhe njengezingangeni ndawo. Oku kudla ngokulandelwa kukujijwa kwezimvo zakhe nokuthukanisa okungcolileyo. Kodwa boyisiwe ukungcwaba izimvo zakhe. Izimvo uTrotsky azimeleyo nendlel’okuzisebenzisa njengoMarx, awayeyimele kunye noLenin, zifuneka ngakumbi namhlanje. Kwesi sigaba sexesha lengxubakaxaka enzulu yenkqubo-qoqosho yoongxowankulu ezi zimvo zizakufumana ukwanda kokwamkeleka kwazo.
Kule ncwadi sihlalutya unxulumano lwezimvo eziyintloko neendlela asebenze ngazo uTrotsky nokuthi zingasebenza njani kwisimo sanamhlanje. Njengazo zonke iinkokheli ezibalaseleyo ngeemfundiso zikaMarx – uMarx, uEngels, noLenin – uTrotsky wayengabumbi ngcingane ngokungaphathekiyo. Wayengumcingi okrelekrele, kodwa wayekwangumlwi okhuthazayo, ekwangumququzeleli wentshukumo yenguquko, owayevavanya izimvo zakhe nokusebenza kwazo emadangatyeni omlilo wedabi lenguquko neliphikis’inguquko. Abalwela-nguquko banamhla bangalangazelela kuphela ukumlinganisa ngokuzinikela okukhulukazi ekumeleni iimfundiso zikaMarx, neenjongo zakhe zokwakha isoshiyalizim emhlabeni jikelele.
Uzalwe ngomhla we 7 zikaNovemba ngo1879 eYanovka eUkraine enguLev Davidovich Bronstein, wangena isikolo eOdessa. Wafudukela eNikolayev ukuya kugqibezela izifundo zakhe ngo1896. Apho uBronstein omncinci ukhawuleze wangenela iintlanganiso ezifihlakeleyo zokuququzelela isoshiyalizim nokwaziswa ngeemfundiso zikaMarx. Emva kwaseOdessa wabuyela eNikolayev waququzelela ukwakha iyunyoni iSRWU.
Ukugxothwa Kokuqala
KuJanuwari ngo1898, emva kweminyaka emibini eququzelela ipolitiki ngokuzinikezela, uLev Davidovich wabanjwa wayochitha iminyaka emine nesiqingatha ephila rhabaxa ekugxothweni eSiberia. Oku kubanjwa nokugxothwa kuphindaphindwe kaninzi, phantsi kobuKumkani naphantsi kombuso kaJoseph Stalin. Ekugxothweni kokuqala eSiberia uBronstein utshate umfazi wakhe wokuqala, uAleksandra Sokolovskaya baba nabantwana bamantombazana ababini. Ngokuvumelana kwabo waphuncula ekubanjweni ngo1902, washiya inkosikazi nosapho, esebenzisa iphepha elikhohlisayo lokutyelela, wazithiya igama elingu, Leon Trotsky, awalisebenzisa ubomi bakhe bonke wabe sele eduma ngalo emhlabeni wonke jikelele.
EParis uTrotsky wadibana nenkosikazi yakhe yesibini, uNatalia Sedova, owayesebenza “neqela le-Iskra” likaLenin, waze wafumana oonyana ababini naye, uLev noSergei. Ekugqibeleni akufika eLondon uTrotsky wadibana noLenin okokuqala, wasebenza kunye naye nabanye kwiphephendaba elalibizwa i-Iskra (Intlantsi). Oku kwavula ithuba leengxoxo neempikisano ezishushu ngendlela ekucingwa ngayo ngezimvo, indlela yokusebenza, nodweliso lwenkqubo. Ekuqaleni ubunzulu bokuhlukana ngezepolitiki nangeengcingane phakathi kwee Bolsheviks (Abaninzi) neeMensheviks (Abambalwa) kwiSocial Democratic Party yaseRashiya (RSDP) kwakungekacaci ngokupheleleyo. Ukungafani nobubanzi bokohlukana kodweliso-nkqubo nobuchule bokwenza kwathatha ithuba ukubonakala. Yayingumzabalazo phakathi kwaba “omeleleyo” naba “ethe-ethe”.
Ekuqaleni uTrotsky akazange aqonde ubungakanani bomahluko phakathi kwaba “ethe-ethe”(Mensheviks) naba “omeleyo”(Bolsheviks) ababekhokelwe nguLenin. UTrotsky ngemposiso, njengabanye ngelo lixa, walinga ukwakha umanyano phakathi kwala maqela mabini, isenzo esamxabanisa noLenin. Ukungafani kwabomeleleyo nabaethe-ethe kwakungabonakali ngokupheleleyo kwabaninzi ngelo lixa, kangangokuba nabanye batshintsha amacala. ULenin noTrotsky bohlukana iminyaka eliqela emva kwengqungquthela yango1893. Kwincwadi ayibhalileyo ngobomi bakhe ebizwa, UBomi Bam (My Life), uTrotsky uyayamkela le mpazamo yelo lixa, okubonisa isiqhelo esondeleleyo sokuthembeka. Wayethembe ngemposiso ukuthi bakuvakalelwa sisimo selo xesha abaethe-ethe bayakuguqukela kwabomeleleyo. Uyachaza kananjalo ukuthi kungani le mpazamo yenzeka nokuthi xa “esiza kuLenin” okwesibini wenze njalo ngokuqonda izinto ngokugcweleyo nokwamkela ngokupheleleyo. Abanye ababephinda-phinda amabinzana kaLenin bengawaqondi, babhentsa ngelixa esembalekweni, engekho eRashiya, ingakumbi ekuqaleni kuka1917, nasemva kokusweleka kwakhe, xa bazinikela kuStalin nombuso wakhe, bangqina ukungabinakho ukucinga nokusebenza okuzimeleyo.
Oku kwamkela ngokunyanisekileyo ukuhlukana nokuvuma ukuphawula impazamo kwazibonakalisa kwiingxoxo ezininzi kwiiBolsheviks naphakathi kukaLenin noTrotsky ngobhukuqo-mbuso lango1917 nasemva kokuthathwa kombuso ziiBolsheviks. Zininzi iingxoxo ezishushu ezehlayo malunga nobuchule bokusebenza ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, lokuthetha-thethana ngoxolo eBrest-Litovsk ngo1918, inkqubo qoqosho entsha(New Economic Policy), indima yeeyunyoni phantsi kwesimo “sobukomanisi ngexesha lemfazwe”, neminye imibandela ebalulekileyo. Oku kuphikisa amampunge akhutshwa ngabathetheleli boongxowankulu nangabembali athi kwisigaba esilandela ubhukuqo-mbuso iphathi yeeBolsheviks nombuso weesoviyethi zazibusa “ngegqudu likazwilakhe” phantsi kukaLenin, apho kwakungavunyelwa ngxoxo nampikisano. Ebunyanisweni oko kuhle phantsi kukaStalin owangena esihlalweni sikaLenin.
Akuqhawula uqhagamshelwano nawo omabini lamaqela, iiBolsheviks neeMensheviks, emva kwengqungquthela yango1903 uTrotsky wabuyela eRashiya, wafikela kwintshukumo yenguquko yango1905, wazijula kulo mzabalazo ngoko nangoko. Wonyulwa wabekwa uMhlalingaphambili weSoviyethi (iBhunga LamaSekela Abasebenzi). Ukwakhiwa kwesoviyethi ngabasebenzi besixeko saseSaint Petersburg yayi lelona nyathelo lingundoqo. Le mibutho yabasebenzi yenkqubo ngolawulo lwesininzi yaba ngeyona eyintloko yomzabalazo, nesisiseko sombuso wabasebenzi omtsha owakhiwe emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lukaOktobha ngo1917.
Nangona uTrotsky waqonda kwasekuqaleni ukubaluleka kweesoviyethi, abanye kwiinkokheli zeeBolsheviks ezazikhona eRashiya zazingakuqondi ukubaluleka kangangoko kolu hlobo olutsha lomanyano labasebenzi. Baberhanela ubutshaba kolu manyano lutsha. Kukufika kukaLenin okwanceda ukulungisa le mposiso yokusebenzela ngaphandle kwemibutho yabasebenzi.
Namhlanje kwamanye amazwe ukuncipha kwenani labasebenzi kumashishini okuvelisa, ukungabikho kweefektri ezinkulu, nokwanda kwabasebenzi bamashishini okunceda (amanye amashishini nabantu), namashishini ami ngamlenzana mnye anabasebenzi abangakhuselekanga, kuthetha ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwemibutho efana naleyo kuntsokothile kuninzi labasebenzi balamaxesha angoku. Le nxalenye yotshintsho kuhlulahlulo ngamashishini lwabasebenzi banamhlanje kumazwe amaninzi, ngumbandela ofuna ukuqwalaselwa ngabalwela inguqulo yokwakha isoshiyalizim. Kodwa ke ngokwelizwe jikelele abasebenzi bamashishini okuvelisa base sesona sixhobo singanamandla omeleleyo kakhulu. Amalungu amatsha odidi labasebenzi bamashishini okulungiselela ukuthutha, nawokuthutha, namanye amasebe, kwakunye noninzi loophangwana oluwela ebasebenzini ngentlupheko, lugqibela lusamkela indlela zokuzabalaza zabasebenzi.
Ukwanda Koqhushululu
Kubalulekile ukuthi kubalandeli bakaMarx kungabikho hlobo lomanyano elingajikiyo okanye elingenakutshintsha kwezingavelayo xa kukhula uqhushululu. UTrotsky wakuqonda ukubaluleka kangangoko kwendima yeesoviyethi eRashiya kodwa ngo1905 zaziluhlobo olutsha lomanyano. Akazange azingise ngolo hlobo laseRashiya kwamanye amaqhusululu. EJamani ngo1923 wakuqonda ukubaluleka kangangoko kweekomiti zamafektri, umzekelo. Wakhuthaza ukuthi kwakhiwe iikomiti zabasebenzi okanye ii”juntas” eSpain ngeminyaka yoo1930.
Namhlanje kubalulekile ukuthi abalwela nguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim bakuqonde ukubaluleka kangangoko kwabasebenzi abamanyene phantsi kweeyunyoni, nokuthi kube nomzabalazo wokuziguqula zizimisele ukulwa. Ngaxeshanye, umanyano lokuzabalaza olutsha lusenokuqhamka nalo ezindaweni ekusetyenzelwa kuzo nakubahlali ekuhlaleni. Abalwela nguquko kufuneka balungiselele ukuvela kwalo bazoqalisa isindululo sokuluxhasa xa kufuneka.
Ukoyiswa koqhushululu lwango1905 kwazisa ukubanjwa kukaTrotsky wagxothelwa eSiberia kwakhona. Ngethuba evalelwe wabhala enye yezibaluleke kakhulu iincwadi zakhe, yayingamava oqhushululu lwango1905. UTrotsky wawucacisa umbandela wokuthi luhlobo luni lenguquko elizweni elifana neRashiya phambi koqhushululu lwango1905, apho inkqubo yobungxowankulu yayiqhubeka kunye neyezikhulu zomhlaba, apho indima yoongxowankulu yolawulo ngentando yesininzi ingekafezekiswa[H1] , yokukhulisa amashishini, yokusombulula isimo sommhlaba, yokudibanisa isizwe, yokumisa ipalamente. Kula mazwe nasemhlabeni jikelele, inkqubela phambili ephambili kakhulu nesemva kakhulu ziqhubeka ngaxeshanye; inkqubela phambili ixubile yaye ayilungelelananga. Kumazwe afana nelaseBrazil nelaseIndia, aqhubele phambili kakhulu ngamashishini nangobugcisa jikelele xa kuthelekiswa, konke oko kuqhubeka kunye nokusebenza umhlaba okusesemva ngeyona ndlela, neentsalela zobukhoboka. UTrotsky wachaza ukuthi oongxowankulu bazijijela ngezikhulu zomhlaba nenkqubo yabo, abanawo amandla benganakho nokuzimisela ukufezekisa indima yabo yaye boyika abasebenzi ukuba bayidlale leyo ndima. Ebunyanisweni oongxowankulu bangabajikela abasebenzi njengaseChina ngexesha loqhushululu lwango1927.
Ngabasebenzi kuphela abanokukwenza oku, kodwa bakuthatha umbuso baya kuphikisana noongxowankulu kunye nezikhulu zomhlaba, uqhushululu lugqithele ekwakheni isoshiyalizim, nasekupheliseni ubungxowankulu nezikhulu zomhlaba. Ukuze oku kuphumelele kufuneka uqhakamshelwano ngokukhawuleza nabasebenzi bamazwe aphambili ngenkqubo yobungxowankulu, kubhukuqwe umbuso apho kuqaliswe ukwakha isoshiyalizim. Ezi zimvo zangqinwa kamva ngobhukuqo-mbuso lukaOktobha ngo1917 eRashiya. Izimvo zaveliswa nguTrotsky ngalombandela zanceda uLenin ukuthi aqingqe okuphathekayo ngokuthi loluphi udidi oluya kukhokela ubhukuqo-mbuso.
Kwincwadi yakhe, Ubomi Bam, uTrotsky uveza kwakhona ukunyaniseka nokuthembeka kwakhe kwezepolitiki ngalo mbandela. Uphakamisa indima eyadlalwa nguParvus, owamnceda ukubuyela eRashiya, owayencedise uTrotsky ngaphambili ekuveliseni ingcingane ngendaba ye Inguquko Engenasiphelo. UTrotsky uphakamisa uParvus njengomlwela nguquko olandela iimfundiso zikaMarx, ngeli lixa nangona enobuthathaka obunye – “Ukunqwenela ukuba sisityebi,” njengoko uTrotsky wayibeka. Kamva uParvus wayilahla intshukumo yenguquko, waba ngumrhwebi ngezixhobo zemfazwe, erhweba nobukumkani beOttoman.
Inguquko Engenasiphelo
Izimvo ezivezwe nguTrotsky mayela neNguqulo Engenasiphelo zibaluleke kangangoko ekuqondeni umzabalazo weendidi zoluntu namhlanje kumazwe, aphuma phantsi kolawulo lwelinye ilizwe, aseAsia, naseAfrika kwakunye naseAmerika yesiLatini. Namhla kulindeleke ngakumbi ukuthi inguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim iphumelele kula mazwe kuneliyaxesha uTrotsky wayevelisa ezi zimvo. Iindidi ezilawulayo kula mazwe azikafezekisi zonke iimfuneko zolawulo ngentando yesininzi yenkqubo yobungxowankulu. Ngokuzisa inguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim abasebenzi bayakuphumeza lomsebenzi wezimbali zoluntu. Namhlanje kambe uninzi lwalamazwe azikhululeyo kulawo ayewalawula, lunabasebenzi abanamandla nenkqubela phambili ezigqitha ezabasebenzi baseRashiya phambi kokuthabatha umbuso. Oku kubonakaliswa sisininzi esinduluke emaphandleni sisingise ezidolophini. Abantu baye bagqitha amashumi amahlanu ekhulwini abahlala ezidolophini ngo2014
okokuqala. EAmerika yesiLatini ngo2019 babengamashumi asibhozo ekhulwini abahlala ezidolophini. EAfrika nangona kunomahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe abahlala ezidophini bakhule ukusuka ku14.7 ekhulwini ngo1957 ukuya ngaphezulu kwamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini ngo2015. EAsia amazwe ngamazwe ahluka kakhulu kodwa iIndia inamalunga namashumi amathathu anesihlanu ekhulwini ezidolophini ezinkulu. EChina kulindelwe ukuthi abahlala ezidolophini bayakufikelela emashumini asisithandathu ekhulwini ngo2030. Oku kwenza ukuthi inguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim ilindeleke kwesi simo ukugqitha ngexesha lango1917.
Ukwanda ngesaquphe koluntu ezidolophini kuzise isimo esitsha esifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngabalandeli bakaMarx nangabasebenzi. Kumazwe amaninzi oko kwakhulisa amandla abasebenzi, babonakalisa ukuthi banganakho ukudlala indima yobunkokheli kumzabalazo wenguquko ngenxa yokukhathalelana bebonke njengodidi olunye. Ngaxeshanye oko kuzise noompula kalujacu abaphila phantsi kwesimo senkxwaleko sokuthengisa ezitalatweni, nokungqiba, njalo njalo. Kwamanye amazwe le mfuduko yomndilili emaphadleni izise inxenye yemizabalazo yezimamhlaba ezidolophini. Oko kuye kuzibonakalise ngabantu abazibeka emihlabeni engeyiyo yabo bade bakhe namatyotyombe. Abanye kwaba baququzelela inguquko baqalisile ukubhekisa kwaba mpula kalujacu basezidolophini ngelithi ngabona abangaguqulayo uluntu kuba abana “malungelo athile” abasondeza kubantu “bomgangatho ophezulu” njengabasebenzi. Lo mbono nangona uyimpazamo nje uke wavela ngexesha loqhushululu phantsi kolawulo luka Hugo Chavez eVenezuela, nangoqhushululu lwaseTunisia malunga neminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Kubalandeli bakaMarx kubalulekile ukukhusela nokuvikela indima eyintloko yabasebenzi nokugxininisa imfuneko yokubandakanya iintshukumo zemiphakathi nemibutho yoompula kalujacu ezidolophini phantsi kwabasebenzi abamanyene emibuthweni.
Waphinda kwakhona ngo1907 uTrotsky wabaleka apho wayegxothelwe khona eSiberia. Ihambo yakhe eyayijikelezwe bubungozi kwilindle lomkhence exhomekeke kumanxila abarhwebi, uyibalisa ngendlela ethabathekisayo encwadini yakhe, Ubomi Bam. Apha wenza umfanekiso wobu”ethe-ethe bobomi” awayebubambe ngamlenzana mnye kolu hambo olude lobukhalipha nebhongo lobango lwezimvo zakhe zokuguqula isimo.
UTrotsky wabuyela eLondon okwexeshana ukuya kungenela ingqungquthela yango 1907 yeRSDP, le iiBolsheviks neeMensheviks zazisengamalungu ayo ngokusesikweni ngelo lixa. Xa ephuma apho wahlala eVienna, naseParis, naseSwitzerland ngethuba elilandelayo lokugxothwa kwakhe kwelakokwabo. Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yelizwe Yokuqala ngo1914 ubukhokeli beephathi zomndilili wabasebenzi zazinikela ekuzingceni ngobuzwe babo, ezi nkokheli zema noongxowankulu bamazwe abo. Igcuntswana la balandeli bakaMarx abakwazi ukwala ukuthabatheka nobuzwe babambelela kumthetho-siseko wabasebenzi wokumela izizwe zonke babembalwa, babequka uLenin noTrotsky. Le mikhosana yakwazi ukuqokelelana kwikomfa yangoSeptemba ngo1915 kwidolophana yaseSwitzerland eZimmerwald. Kwincwadi yakhe, Ubomi Bam, uTrotsky uthi abathunywa kule nkomfa babengalingana “amakhareji amane”. Nayo le nkomfa yayiqhekeke kubini, isininzi esichase imfazwe, nabazabalazela inguquko ababekhokelwe nguLenin. Bafikelela nzima ekuvumelaneni ngodweliso-nkqubo olwabhalwa nguTrotsky. Ukuphikisana nalemfazwe kwenza ukuthi uTrotsky agxothwe eFrance naseSpain. Akufika eNew York uTrotsky waziphosa kumsebenzi wokuququzelel’inguquko, ehlela iphepha ngapha, esenza intetho ezintlanganisweni zabasebenzi ngaphaya.
Wagqibela esongamela okwakumthintela wabuyela eRashiya ngendlela egqitha eCanada. Kwakhona olu hambo lomzabalazo wenguquko lalinengozi. ECanada wabanjwa ngamaNgesi wavalelwa enkampini yamabanjwa karhulumente. Apho wadibana namabajwa emfazwe amaJamani wazibandakanya nawo njengomlwela nguquko wezizwe ekhuthazwa lunxano lenguquko kuqhushululu olwalusanda eJamani. Ukuqala koqhushululu ngoFebruwari ka1917 uTrotsky wakubona ibubungqina bezimvo zakhe zeNguquko Engenasiphelo.
ERashiya Yoqhushululu
Akukhululwa ekugqibeleni ngamaNgesi uTrotsky wafika ePetrograd ngoMeyi ka1917. Wayengekabi lilungu leeBolsheviks. ULenin wabuyela eRashiya, ephuma ekugxothweni kwelakokwabo, ngoApril wakhupha “Ithisisi KaAprili”. Yayicacisa ngokuphandle uhlobo lwenguquko nemfuneko yokuthi abasebenzi bathabathe umbuso, bangawuthembi umbuso woongxowankulu wexeshana owawubekiwe. Kwathabatha ukusukuzana okuvakalayo kwiphathi yeeBolsheviks ukubaqinisekisa ukuthi le ngeyona ndlela elungileyo.
“Iintsuku zikaJulayi”- inyanga “yezityholo ezibalaseleyo”, ukuphumel’ezitalatweni kwabasebenzi eSt. Petersburg nokucinezelwa kweeBolsheviks ngumbuso wexeshana kaKerensky kwazisa ukubanjwa kukaTrotsky nokunyanzelisa ukuthi uLenin azimele. Kukwelithuba apho uTrotsky wagqibela ejoyina iiBolsheviks, wanyulelwa kwikomiti eyintloko yazo, into ke leyo eyayibonisa igunya nodidi nangona ngokusesikweni engazange abe lilungu kude kube ngoko. Akukhutshwa entolongweni ngoSeptemba uTrotsky wabekwa ngoko nangoko njengoMhlalingaphambili weSoviyethi yasePetrograd. Wakhokhela iKomiti Yobujoni Benguquko eyadlala indima eyintloko ekuququzeleni uvukelo mbuso olwafaka abasebenzi embusweni.
Kwithuba elilandela ubhukuqo-mbuso langoOktobha uTrotsky wadlala indima ebalaseleyo ekukhuseleni umbuso omtsha wabasebenzi. Impumelelo yolu bhukuqo-mbuso yayixhomekeke kubasebenzi bamazwe aphambili ngamashishini aseYurophu – iJamani, neNgilandi, neFransi, namanye – ukuthi babhukuqe abamazwe abo oongxowankulu, bazibandakanye nabasebenzi baseRashiya baze baqalise ukwakha isoshiyalizim. Kusemva kokusweleka kukaLenin ngo1924 kuphela apho uStalin walahla ukuba ngusozizwe jikelele weeBolsheviks wamkela ingcingane eyenzakalisayo ye”Soshiyalizim elizweni elinye” le, uTrotsky neqela eliphikisayo leLeft Opposition, babesilwa nayo ukususela akuqaleni kwayo.
Ukulibaziseka kwenguquko yezizwe kwanyanzela ukuthi iiBolsheviks zithabathe amanyathelo ethuba lokuxakeka, nokutya ixesha, nokubambelela embusweni. NjengoMphathi Wezamanye Amazwe (Foreign Commissar) uTrotsky wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zoxolo eBrest-Litovsk ngo1918. Wakha Umkhosi Obomvu ukusukela phantse kwinto engekhoyo ukuya koyisa umkhosi “wabamhlophe” abachasene nenguquko nemikhosi engama21 yamazwe aqulath’amanye eyayithunyelwe ukuya kudiliza umbuso wabasebenzi.
Indima eyadlalwa nguTrotsky kwezo ngxoxo zoxolo ngenye yezinto ezasetyenziswa nguStalin ukwenza ukuthi angakholwa ukujikelezisa amampunge ngo1924 athi “nguTrotsky kuphela owayephikisa ukusayinwa kwemvumelwano yoxolo neJamani” ukuze kupheliswe imfazwe ngo1917-1918. Inyaniso kukuthi umbuso omtsha wawume ngamlenzana mnye. Amajoni ayesimka emfazweni bebanga ukuthi kupheliswe imfazwe. Umbuso wexeshana woonngxowankulu wawuhlulekile ukuzisa uxolo. Ngomhla we26 kuOktobha ingqungquthela yeesoviyethi yathatha isigqibo sokuphelisa imfazwe nokuvumelana ngoxolo. NgoDisemba zaqala iingxoxo phakathi kombuso weesoviyethi neJamani. Imeko eyayiyintloko kuLenin noTrotsky yayikukuba imfazwe izisa simo sini emajonini aseJamani nokuthi iJamani indawoni nenguquko. Kukwezongxoxo apho uLenin waveza ukuthi kungafane kuncanywe umbuso waseRashiya ukuba ngaba oko kuyakunceda ukuzisa impumelelo yombuso wabasebenzi eJamani. Esona simo ngqo saseJamani sasingekacaci sisafuna ixesha lokufundwa. Umbuso wobundlobongela waseJamani wawulinga ukuzisa isimo esirhabaxa kumbuso omtsha weesoviyethi nakuyiphi na imvumelwano yoxolo. Ukuba ngaba bayayikhaba le miqonga, ungakwazi na umkhosi waseJamani ukuhlasela udilize umbuso omtsha. Bobabini uLenin noTrotsky babevumelana ukuthi abanakho ukuqhubeleka ngemfazwe ngenxa yesimo somkhosi.
UTrotsky wayethethelela ukuthi iingxoxo zilityaziswe, kupheliswe imfazwe, umkhosi ukhululwe, kodwa imvumelwano yoxolo efunwa ngumbuso waseJamani ingasayinwa. Xa kunokwenzeka ukuthi umkhosi waseJamani ungenele phakathi eRashiya, wothusele ukungena ePetrograd uTrotsky wathi kunikezelwe kusayinwe imvumelwano yoxolo. ULenin wayexhasa ukuthi kulityaziswe kodwa kwisimo seJamani izisa isisongelo sokugqibela wayethethelela ukuthi kusayinwe ngoko nangoko imvumelwano yoxolo yamaJamani. UNicholai Bukharin nabanye bobukhokeli beeBolsheviks bathi makuqhutywe “imfazwe yenguquko”, into ke leyo eyaphikiswa nguLenin noTrotsky. Oko kwakungenakwenzeka kwisimo umkhosi waseRashiya wawukuso. Kambe ke uluvo lukaBukharin lafumana inkxaso yesininzi esingaphaya kwiiBolsheviks. Ingxoxo eyayiyintloko yayingekho phakathi kukaLenin noTrotsky, yayiphikisana nabafuna “imfazwe yenguquko”. Kwincwadi yakhe, Ubomi Bam, uTrotsky ubalisa ukuthi kwenye yeentlanganiso ngalombandela uBukharin wafumana iivoti ezingama32, uTrotsky – 16, uLenin – 15. Okwasebenzayo, kwagqibela kwamkelwe okwethutyana yiKomiti Eyintloko nengqungquthela yephathi olukaTrotsky uluvo. Kambe ke okwenzekayo kukuthi emva kokulibaziseka okwethutyana amaJamani agqibela ehlasele babanga imvumelwano yoxolo erhabaxa ngakumbi, into ke leyo eneneni eyayingqinelana noluvo lukaLenin. UTrotsky wayichaza kwintlanganiso yobukhokeli bephathi ngosuku lwe 3 lukaOktobha ngo1918 ukuthi nguLenin owayesichanile esi simo.
Ngokuhlukile xa kuthelekiswa noku, uStalin waya kusayina ngo1939 isivumelwano seMolotov-Ribbentrop phakathi kombuso wakhe noweNazi kaHitler ukuthi bangahlaselani. Esi yayisisivumelwano nombuso ngegqudu likazwilakhe owawutyumze imibutho yabasebenzi baseJamani. Iveki enye emva kokusayina esi sivumelwano, uHitler wahlasela ilizwe lasePoland. Kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo, uHitler wasikrazula eso sivumelwano, wahlasela iRashiya, ethatha abo basemagunyeni phantsi kukaStalin ngesaquphe. Inkqubo kaStalin yokunyamalalisa abaphezulu ekulawuleni ubujoni nemikhosi yenza ukuthi bazifumane bengalulungiselelanga olo hlaselo.
Inkokheli Yomkhosi Obomvu
Imfazwe yamakhaya yathetha ukuthi inguquko yobhukuqo-mbuso lwangoOktobha ka1917 imi ngamlemlenzana mnye okwexeshana. IiBolsheviks babefane bebambelele ngePetrograd neMoscow kuphela qha. IPetrograd, indawo apho inguquko yaqala khona, yayisengozini yokuthathwa. Idabi lokuthabatha iKazan kwakhona laliyintloko ekuguquleni imfazwe. Indima eyadlalwa nguTrotsky ekwakheni kwakhona isiqingatha esithile somkhosi wesihlanu ngokusiguqula asenze iqela elilwayo kwabaluleka kangangoko. Nanamhla impumelelo kaTrotsky ekwakheni Umkhosi Obomvu woyise imfazwe yamakhaya, uphinde woyise imikhosi yezizwe ezazithathe amanye amazwe phantsi kwazo, isezimbalini. Iincwadi zikaTrotsky ngemicimbi yobujoni zisafundwa namhlanje ezikolweni zemfundo ephakamileyo kumazwe oongxowankulu jikelele. Wabhala imiqulu emihlanu ngemicimbi yobujoni nemfazwe yamakhaya. Kwiminyaka emibini nesiqingatha yemfazwe yamakhaya, ngaphandle nje kwezithutyanyana ezifuphi, uTrotsky wayehlala “Esitimeleni Esibomvu” esidumileyo. Wayehla enyuka kwimiphambili yemfazwe neqela lamajoni amancinane Omkhosi Obomvu nesitafu sakhe. Babefika ngaphambili emfazweni, bakhuphule ukuzimisela kwamajoni, bacombulule intlobo-ntlobo zeengxaki, bakhuphe iincwadana bazabe, benze iintetho nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekulweni nabamhlophe kwakunye nemikhosi yezizwe ezilawula ezinye. Yayingaphaya kwesitimela “Ngeminyaka eyayinzima kakhulu yenguquko, ubomi bam isiqu babubandakanywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobomi beso sitimela. Isitimela, kwenye inxenye, sasibandakanywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobomi Bomkhosi Obomvu.” Yayidibanisa umphambili wemfazwe neziko lamajoni, yayisombulula iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo ngoko nangoko, yaye yayifundisa, yayikhuthaza, yayaba, yayivuza, yayohlwaya. Kwiikompatimenti zesitimela ezahlukeneyo, kwakunoonobhala bequmrhu, kwakunomashini wokushicilela, kwakunalapho kwamkelwa kuthunyelwe ucingo, kwakunesitishi sikanomathotholo, kwakunenjini yombane, indlu yeencwadi, indawo yokukhanda iimoto, negumbi lokubhafa! Amakhareji wayo ayenzima kangangokuba ayetsalwa ziinjini ezimbini.
Unyaka ka1924 waba ngunyaka owabalasela ngokujikwa kwenkqubo yenguquko, okwaphawulwa kukusweleka kukaLenin nokuvela kwempembelelo yokuphambuka nenkqubo yenguquko, nokomelezwa kwabasemagunyeni karhulumente abangqonge uStalin. Ukuba lilizwe elinye qha kuphela lilodwa kuqhushululu lwenguquko, ukutshabalaliswa koqoqosho yimfazwe yamakhaya naluhlaselo lwemikhosi yamazwe alawula amanye, nokulahlekelwa ngamawaka awona awayezinikele amalungu eeBolsheviks emfazweni, konke oku kwazisa ukuqhamka kokuphambuka kwepolitiki nokugqibela kwakheke owakhe wakhohlakala umbuso wabagunyazisiweyo. Ukwamkelwa kwengcingane echasene nenkqubela phambili “yeSoshiyalizim kwilizwe elinye” nokulahlwa ngayo le ngcinga kweenjongo namabhongo ubhukuqo-mbuso lwangoOktobha lwaluzingca ngawo, yayiyimveliso ngcingane yabagunyazisiweyo ngakutsha. Ekugqibeleni umbutho WamaKomanisi Wezizwe waguqulwa ekubeni ngowenguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim yangowokukhusela umbuso kaStalin eRashiya.
Iimpembelelo zikaStalin ngokuchasene nezimvo zikaTrotsky
Ukuqukumbela le nkqubo entsha kwanyazeleka ukuthi bakhutshwe okanye batyumzwe abo babesaqhubeka nokumela nokufezekisa iinjongo zobhukuqo-mbuso lukaOktobha, ingakumbi uTrotsky nabalandeli bakhe. Kwavulelwa ukuhlaselwa ngokugxekwa nokwenziwa mncinane kukaTrotsky nezimvo zakhe. Esinye sezityholo zelithuba kukuthi uTrotsky “wathathela phantsi izimamhlaba”, “wayengananzi izimamhlaba”, “wayengazihoyanga izimamhlaba”. Zonke ezi zityholo zazingenanto yokwenza nendima eyayidlalwa nguTrotsky kwezepolitiki. ERashiya ngelo lixa inani lezimamhlaba lalisisininzi soluntu kangangokuba lalingenakungahoywa. Encwadini yakhe, Yenguquko Engenasiphelo, nakwezinye uTrotsky wenza inkcaza ephangaleleyo ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo ngezimamhlaba, ezingoompula kalujacu, ezingoophangwana nezifumileyo. Wayibeka ebaleni ukuthi abasebenzi bangakha umanyano nezihluphekileyo izimamhlaba, ingakumbi oompula kalujacu. Kambe wagxininisa kananjalo ukuthi indima yokukhokela nokuba sisiphathamandla iphantsi kolawulo labasebenzi. Oku kwenziwa yindima edlalwa ngabasebenzi eluntwini, nokuqonda kwabo bebonke ngokodidi olunye, into ke leyo eyenza izimamhlaba zingabi nakho ukuzibumba ngokuzimeleyo.
ULenin wayeyiphawule ingozi yokuphendululwa kwenguquko ngulombuso omtsha. Phambi kokusweleka kwakhe uLenin wayecele ubuhlobo noTrotsky ukuphikisa uStalin nokukhula kokugunyaziswa ngumbuso. Kanti uzakuhlelwa kukushwabana (okokuqala kwakungo1923) okubulalayo phambi kokwenzekisa oko.
Kwango1923 amalungiselelo okukhupha uTrotsky ayesel’eqalisile ukufumana amandla okuzihambela. UTrotsky uyabalisa kwincwadi yakhe, Ubomi Bam, “Kwakhiwa inkqubo eyayingento engaphantsi kolawulo njengosomagunya wephathi. Ngamanye amazwi iphathi yayingaseyiyo iphathi.”
Ngo1925 uTrotsky waphuma emisebenzini yobuntsumpa bukarhulumente kwezemfazwe, wayesele ebekelwe bucala ngumbuso kaStalin. Ingcinga echasene nenkqubela phambili yesoshiyalizim kwilizwe elinye yayisele ineziphumo eziyintlekele. Ezona zilungileyo izithethe zobukhokeli beeBolsheviks kuqhusululu lwaseChina. Iphathi yamakomanisi aseChina anyanzelwa ngokuphikisa intando yawo ukuthi azinikele nobujoni bawo kwiphathi yoongxowankulu. Ukwakhiwa kweesoviyethi kwakungavumelwanga. KuAprili ngo1927 uStalin wayemele inkqubo yomanyano noChiang Kai-shek neKuomintang. Iintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko uChiang Kai-shek waliphalalisa igazi labasebenzi baseShangai nelamakomanisi. Oko kwakulandela ukoyiswa koqhushululu laseJamani lango1923 nelaseNgilandi lango1926. Isimo sezizwe selo lixa sasiluncedo kakhulu ekomelezeni isimo sombuso omtsha kaStalin.
UStalin wamxinela eAlma Ata uTrotsky kumda waseChina ngo1927 ukuthi abe kude kangangoko neMoscow. Nalapho wafumanisa ukuthi akakude ngokulingeneyo, ngendlela awayezimisele ukugxotha izimvo zakhe. Amawaka abaxhasi bakaTrotsky beqela leLeft Opposistion abanjwa agwetyelwa ukubulawa. UTrotsky wagxothwa eRashiya ngo1929. Akubuyela embalekweni kwakhona uTrotsky waqala wahlala eTurkey, waya kuhlala eNorway emva koko. Ecela imvume yokungena kumazwe ngamazwe, ilizwe nelizwe lalandela ukuzilandula. Nosekhohlo umpalamente weLabour Party eNgilandi, uGeorge Lansbury, akazage amthethelele. Ekugqibeleni urhulumente kaLazaro Cardenas ongasekhohlo owayethandwa ngabantu wanika uTrotsky nenkosikazi yakhe indawo yokuhlala. Noko kwakungalingene kuStalin. Kwizenzo zokuzibuyekezela uStalin wayalela ukubulawa kukaLev, unyana kaTrotsky owayeququzelela iLeft Opposition, noSegei owayesele eRashiya owayengenayo nendima ayidlalayo kwezepolitiki.
EMexico uTrotsky waqhubeka nokuququzelela inguquko. Ngezinye iindlela uTrotsky wawufumanisa ungowona ubaluleke ngokugqithisileyo umsebenzi wokwakha ngakutsha intshukumo yeemfundiso zikaMarx ngokunyanisekileyo.
Ukuthabathwa kwamandla okubusa nguHitler eJamani ngo1933, nokuthi ukuhla kwale ntlekele kubasebenzi baseJamani nakwintshukumo yabasebenzi bezizwe akuzange kubachukumise ukuthi bavakalelwe kumbutho wezizwe ngokuphikisa okumiswa nguStalin okuzise ukoyiswa okungaka, kwakhokelela uTrotsky ekugqibeni ukuthi ukulungisa iiphathi zamakomanisi akungeke kube sasebenza, kufuneka kwakhiwe umbutho wezizwe omtsha. Kungesi sizathu wathabatha inyathelo lokuseka Umbutho Wezizwe Wesine. Njengenxenye yenyathelo elibalulekileyo, uTrotsky wabhala Udweliso Lwenkqubo Egqithayo, engeyona ebaluleke ngokugwebayo kubalandeli beemfundiso zikaMarx kobu bunzima boqoqosho buqhubekayo namhlanje. Ngo1936 uTrotsky washicilela incwadi ngemisebenzi kaStalin, Inguquko Engcatshiweyo (Revolution Betrayed), echaza izimanga ezintsha zabagunyaziweyo phantsi kombuso kaStalin eSoviet Union.
Izimvo ZikaTrotsky Ziyahlokoma
Phakathi kuka1936 no1938 uStalin wavulela iingxoxo zamatyala akhohlakeleyo eSoviet Union, ingakumbi ajongene neLeft Opposition. Amawaka aweqela leLeft Opposition aqokelelwa, abethwa, ethuthunjiswa. EVorkuta amakhulu olutsha lweLeft Opposition babesiya ekufeni ngendelo, becula umhobe wamaKomanisi ngobukroti, besala ukulahla izimvo zeLeft Opposition.
EMexico uTrotsky wasebenza ngenyameko ukumela iingcingane zakhe ngezepolitiki nokwakha umbutho omtsha wezizwe. Wathabatha inxaxheba kusukuzwano olwalusenzeka kwiSocialist Workers Party (SWP) eyayiyinxenye ngoko yombutho Wezizwe Wesine eAmerika – ukungqukruzana ngeengcingane ngezepolitiki ezinezifundo ezininzi ngeendlela zokwakha iphathi yenguquko namhlanje. Isiseko seengxoxo yayikukufumanisa ukuthi loluphi udidi loluntu olufanele lukhokele inguquko ehlalayo eSoviet Union, nenkcazo eyingcingane kaMarx, nokuthi iphathi yenguquko ifanele iziqhelanise nabasebenzi abamanyeneyo. Ilifa lalo msebenzi liqhutywa namhlanje yimizabalazo nemisebenzi yeKomiti Yabasebenzi Bezizwe (CWI).
Unyaka ka2020 uzibonakalisa njengonyaka wenguquko yasezimbalini kwinkqubo yobungxowankulu nakumzabalazo weendidi zoluntu. Kwesi sigaba sexesha lobunzima neziphithiphithi kwinkqubo yoongxowankulu, izimvo zikaTrotsky neendlela zakhe zokusebenza ziyakuhlokoma ngendlela engazange yavakala kwishumi leminyaka elikufuphi. Ukufunda ngezimvo zikaTrotsky neendlela zakhe zokusebenza kusisixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki elutsheni labo balwela inguquko yokwakha isoshiyalizim emhlabeni wonke jikelele, ekulilo kuphela ingomso loluntu. Ukuncedisa abasebenzi nolutsha kulo mzabalazo, iCWI ishicilela incwadi yengqokelela entsha yamanqaku anzulu kumacala abalaseleyo ezimvo zikaTrotsky.